Industrial aspects, morphology

Angelini, L.G. and Lazzeri, A. et al. (2000), Ramie and Spanish Broom Fibres for Composite Materials Agronomical Aspects, Morphology and Mechanical Properties. Industrial Crops and Products, March. 

The common feature of all black carbon constituents is the strong absorption within the whole solar spectrum. Black carbon particles are particularly toxic as pollutants on the other hand, they share the beneficial aspect of shielding efficiently harmful UV radiation. Although commercial products such as industrially produced carbon black, impure graphite and activated carbon differ chemically and morphologically from emitted organic aerosols, they are usually used as model particles for screening studies [56]. So far,... 

Animal cells cultured in two-dimensional (2D) monolayers in traditional glass or plastic tissue culture flasks have been used successfully for many purposes in research and industrial production. However, such cultures may lose key phenotypic characteristics (e.g. virus susceptibility, morphology, surface markers/receptors) after repeated passage. In vivo the presence of three-dimensional (3D) cellular structures is critical to the correct development, function and stability of cells, tissues and organs. The characteristics that the researcher or technologist wishes to utilize are often a feature of the tissue and not individual cells, e.g. a functional bladder epithelium or crypt structures of the gut. In this section we describe some of the approaches that can be used to simulate certain features of the in vivo environment in an attempt to promote natural gene expression and tissue function in cultured cells. The described technologies address these features from two aspects ... 

In Chapter 4 by Popov et al., the aspects of the newest developments of the effect of surface morphology of activated electrodes on their electrochemical properties are discussed. These electrodes, consisting of conducting, inert support which is coated with a thin layer of electrocatalyst, have applications in numerous electrochemical processes such as fuel cells, industrial electrolysis, etc. The inert electrodes are activated with electrodeposited metals of different surface morphologies, for example, dendritic, spongy-like, honeycomblike, pyramid-like, cauliflower-like, etc. Importantly, the authors correlate further the quantity of a catalyst and its electrochemical behavior with the size and density of hemispherical active grain. 

In this volume, we treat AFM of synthetic as well as natural and biological macromolecular materials. The focus is, nevertheless, laid on the materials science and technology aspect, i.e., biological function and biology-related issues are left out. Instead, morphology and structure imaging, surface properties, nanoscale mechanical properties, and practically relevant processes (phase transitions) for typical laboratory and industrial applications constitute the bulk of the treatment. 

Botanical and agronomical aspects of cotton are treated in The Wild and Cultivated Cotton Plants of the World by Sir George Watt (104) The Development and Properties of Raw Cotton (90) and Studies in the Quality of Cotton (Pf) by W. Lawrence Balls, one of the deans of the cotton industry in Cotton History, Species, Variety, Morphology, Breeding, Culture, Diseases, Marketing and Uses by H. B. Brown (95) and in The Evolution of Gossypium by Hutchinson, Silow, and Stephens (96). 

The important role of honeycomb structures which minimise the pressure drop is well known in recent years this has lead to the development of various time consuming and expensive preparation methods for the manufacture of these types of supported catalysts. Their improvements were directly related to well defined catalytic processes in which not only the composition but also the structural and textural aspects must be studied to optimise the catalytic behaviour [1-3], Nevertheless, technical or economical reasons may frequently negate their use at industrial scale [4-6]. Moreover, the external morphology in which an industrial catalyst may be cast is imposed by the industrial reactor setup, and sometimes an effective laboratory tested catalyst may suffer a loss in activity when moulded with a specific geometry for industrial application. 

The study involved various aspects, including a morphological analysis of the particles found in the samples, in order to determine the origin (traffic, urban waste incinerators, or industrial plants) of the contaminants investigated and the analysis of the heavy metal content inside the body and on the surface of bees. As the findings have not yet been published, just a few data are reported here. A sample of fresh honey was drawn from the hives every month and a sample of foragers every 2 weeks. Unfortunately, in the second control station (T2) it was not possible to obtain bee samples. 

The kinetic mechanisms [35, 36] in the HIPS polymerization process and the complete process [37-41] have been mathematically modeled to a detailed level by different groups. Diverse aspects of the HIPS technology have been extensively studied in the past by many authors works that review several of these aspects are the texts of Scheirs and Priddy [42] (properties, applications, modeling, and later technologies), Echte [34] (particle morphology), Simon and Chappelear (industrial processes) [43], and Meira et al. [39] (process modeling and control). 

The practical applications of the various microscopical techniques have created opportunities for microscopists in industry and, in particular, within pharmaceutical research and development. Microscopy is used extensively, from the earliest stages of drug discovery into late development and even into manufacturing. Pharmaceutical microscopy can be conveniently divided into physico-chemical and biological applications. This chapter will consider exclusively the physico-chemical aspects of microscopy in the pharmaceutical industry. There are three broad areas in which microscopy can play an important role in the development of drugs solid-state analysis, particle size and morphology studies, and contaminant identification. This chapter presents an overview of how microscopy contributes to each of these three areas. The emphasis will be on practical examples taken from the literature and from the author s experience. 

Overall, we showed the potential of FSP to produce many types of materials and to control morphology and size. For industrial feasibility, a technology must comprise many aspects, such as scale-up ease, an inexpensive process, flexibility in the use of precursor chemicals, and easy control over product characteristics. FSP possesses aU these features, which makes it a good candidate for use as a process in the powder (especially nanopowder) industry. The benefits of FSP could contribute to the future advancement of technology. 

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