Nitrogen inductively coupled plasma

A diagram of technological equipment for processing of nanopowders by radio frequency inductively coupled nitrogen plasma (ICP) is shown in Figure 9.1. The experimental apparatus consists of a radio-frequency (5.28 MHz) oscillator with a maximum power of 100 kW (not showed in the diagram), a quartz discharge... 

Uchida, H., and Ito,T. (1995). Inductively coupled nitrogen plasma mass spectrometry assisted by adding argon to the outer gzs.J.Anal.At. Spectrom. 10(10), 843. 

Brenner I. B., Watson A. E., Steele T. W., Jones E. A. and Goncalves M. (1981) Application of an argon-nitrogen inductively coupled radiofrequency plasma (ICP) to the analysis of geological and related materials for their rare earth contents, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 36 785-797. 

Spectral methods (spark source mass spectrometry SSMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry SIMS, inductively coupled argon plasma for emission spectroscopy ICAP-ES) which avoid separation steps are increasingly applied for multi-element analysis. Hot extraction is used for 0, N, H determinations. Oxygen is also determined by activation analysis, nitrogen after adaptation of classical methods (micro-Kjeldahl). Combination and comparison of different, independent methods are desirable, but hampered by the often limited availability of samples of actinides. 

Magyar, B., Lieneman, P., Vonmont, H., (1986), Some effects of aerosol drying and oxygen feeding on the analytical performance of an inductively coupled nitrogen-argon plasma, Spectrochim. Acta, 41B, 27-38. 

The section on Spectroscopy has been retained but with some revisions and expansion. The section includes ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray spectrometry. Detection limits are listed for the elements when using flame emission, flame atomic absorption, electrothermal atomic absorption, argon induction coupled plasma, and flame atomic fluorescence. Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements, proton chemical shifts and coupling constants, and similar material for carbon-13, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, silicon-19, and phosphoms-31. 

Oxygen and nitrogen also are deterrnined by conductivity or chromatographic techniques following a hot vacuum extraction or inert-gas fusion of hafnium with a noble metal (25,26). Nitrogen also may be deterrnined by the Kjeldahl technique (19). Phosphoms is determined by phosphine evolution and flame-emission detection. Chloride is determined indirecdy by atomic absorption or x-ray spectroscopy, or at higher levels by a selective-ion electrode. Fluoride can be determined similarly (27,28). Uranium and U-235 have been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (29). 

Popov, C., Zambov, L. M., Plass, M. R, and Kulisch, W., Optical, Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Nitrogen-rich Carbon Nitride Films Deposited by Inductively Coupled Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition," Thin Solid Films, Vol. 377-378,2000, pp. 156-162. 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were collected via a Siemens D5005 diffractometer with CuKa radiation (A. = 1.5418 A). Routine transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Z-contrast microscopy were carried out using an HITACH HD-2000 scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) operated at 200 kV. Nitrogen gas adsorption measurements (Micromeritics Gemini) were used to determine the surface area and porosity of the catalyst supports. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis was performed via an IRIS Intrepid II XSP spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corporation). 

A very intense inductively coupled plasma (ICP) could be created, using a 13.56-MHz RF-source and coupling the power through a quartz tube into the plasma. Working pressure was 2 x 10-2 mbar and the substrate could be heated up to 800 °C [222]. The precursor was trimethylborazine ((HBN-CH3)3), which was transported in a nitrogen/argon carrier gas. Similar to other deposition processes, prior to the c-BN nucleation an oriented h-BN layer was formed [223]. 

The nonsugar components in the hydrolysates were determined to be a collection of metals, anions, and nitrogenous material. The inorganic elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, S, P, Al, Si) were measured by an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Dissolved ammonium was measured with an ion-selective electrode. 

Most chemical agents contain specific elements in common. G and V agents all contain phosphoms and blister agents, like the mustards, contain sulfur or nitrogen. The combustion of these materials yields excited atoms that emit light characteristic of these elements. The emissions are viewed through an interference filter by a photodetector. As an alternative to a flame, low-powered, inductively coupled (or microwave) plasmas have been used as emission sources. These sources have been combined with... 

S. J. Hill, M. J. Ford, L. Ebdon, Simplex optimisation of nitrogen-argon plasmas in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the removal of chloride based interferences, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 7 (1992), 719-727. 

Lam, J.W. and McLaren, J.W., Use of aerosol processing and nitrogen-argon plasmas for reduction of oxide interference in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 5 (1990) 419. 

The precursor and the calcined catalyst were characterized by various techniques such as nitrogen adsorption, mercury porosimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic emission spectrometry by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), thermogravimetric analysis, and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). More details about the catalyst preparation and characterization can be found in a previous work (22). 

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