Indium-tin-oxide substrate

Ku, C.-H. Wu, J.-J. 2006. Aqueous solution route to high-aspect-ratio zinc oxide nanostructures on indium tin oxide substrates. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 12981-12985. 

To assess the electrochromic response of the bipyridinium dications embedded into multilayers of 7, we envisaged the possibility of assembling these films on optically transparent platinum electrodes.27d f Specifically, we deposited an ultrathin platinum him on an indium-tin oxide substrate and then immersed the resulting assembly into a chloroform/methanol (2 1, v/v) solution of 7. As observed with the gold electrodes (Fig. 7.5), the corresponding cyclic voltammograms show waves for the reversible reduction of the bipyridinium dications with a significant increase in 2p with the immersion time. In fact, is 0.8,1.5, and 3.1 nmol/cm2 after immersion times of 1, 6, and 72 h, respectively. Furthermore, the correlation between ip and v is linear after 1 h and deviates from linearity after 6 and 72 h. Thus, the bisthiol 7 can indeed form multiple electroactive layers also on platinum substrates. 

Li, R Tang, H. Shinar, J. Resto, O. and Weisz, S. Z. 1997. Effects of aquare-gia treatment of indium-tin-oxide substrates on the behavior of double layered organic light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 2741-2743. 

But the most smdied electropolymerizable porphyrins are the tetra-amino-and tetrahydroxyphenyl-substituted ones. Indeed, both of them were developed to elaborate electrodes having potentiometric responses to several kinds of anions, such as iodide for example . Co(II) tetrakis(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin 53-based films were used for the elaboration of potentiometric and fibre optic pH sensors with minimal interferences from anions. Zn(II)-53-based films were also used and characterized for kinetics studies of hydrogen evolution at their surface . Zn(II)-53 as well as Pd(II)-53 and free base tetra(4-methyl pyridinium) porphyrin (H2-54) were electropolymerized on indium tin oxide substrates, leading thus to starting materials for the making of donor/acceptor... 

An investigation into the effect of chemical and thermal treatments on the structural changes of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyfhiophene)/ polystyrenesulfonate and consequences on its use on indium tin oxide substrate. Appl. Surf Sci., 221, 330-339. 

Another approach to metal deposition involves formation of metal ions by anodic dissolution of a microelectrode made of the same metal to be deposited (119d-119f, 124). In one example, gold patterns were fabricated in this way on indium tin oxide (124). The An UME was anodically dissolved in bromide-containing solution to form AuBr4 ions, which diffused to the negatively biased indium tin oxide substrate and were reduced to form micropattems of Au. 

More recently, the direct mode of SECM was used to enhance the local deposition of sol-gel patterns. - Applying negative potentials to an indium-tin oxide substrate vs. a Pt tip in the presence of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) increased the pH on the surface locally and catalyzed the condensation and deposition of TMOS. The growth of the patterns was very rapid and snrprisingly the resolution of the deposited sol-gel was higher than the tip, presumably due to chemical lens focusing (Figure 15.9). 

Chockalingam M, Darwish N, Le Saux G, Gooding JJ (2011) Importance of the indium tin oxide substrate on the quality of self-assembled monolayers formed from organophosphonic acids. Langmuir 27(6) 2545-2552... 

Spray Pyrolysis. In spray pyrolysis, a chemical solution is sprayed on a hot surface where it is pyrolyzed (decomposed) to give thin films of either elements or, more commonly, compounds (22). Eor example, to deposit CdS, a solution of CdCl plus NH2CSNH2 (thiourea) is sprayed on a hot surface. To deposit Iu202, InCl is dissolved in a solvent and sprayed on a hot surface in air. Materials that can be deposited by spray pyrolysis include electrically conductive tin—oxide and indium/tin oxide (ITO), CdS, Cu—InSe2, and CdSe. Spray pyrolysis is an inexpensive deposition process and can be used on large-area substrates. 

Figure 9-3. Conventional multilayer light emission device (LED) indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode on a substrate, active layers A (hole transport), B (emitter), C (electron transport), and a niclat electrode. A possible encapsulation layer has been omitted, which would prevent the conjugated molecules from photo-oxidation.

Li KW, Meng XT, Liang X, Wang H, Yan H (2006) Electrodeposition and characterization of PbSe films on indium tin oxide glass substrates. J Solid State Electrochem 10 48-53... 

L.J. Meng and M.P. dos Santos, Properties of indium tin oxide films prepared by rf reactive magnetron sputtering at different substrate temperature, Thin Solid Films, 322 56-62, 1998. 

P.F. Carcia, R.S. Mclean, M.H. Reilly, Z.G. Li, L.J. Pillione, and R.F. Messier, Low-stress indium-tin-oxide thin films rf magnetron sputtered on polyester substrates, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81 1800-1802, 2002. 

Figure 3.26. Structure of an OLED. S = substrate (glass), ANO = anode (e.g., ITO — indium tin oxide), HIL = hole injection layer (e.g., Cu phthalocyanine), HTL = hole transport layer, EML = emission layer, ETL = electron transport layer, EIL = electron injection layer (e.g., LiF), KAT = cathode (e.g., Ag Mg, Al). The light that is generated by the recombination of holes and electrons is coupled out via the transparent anode.

To detail DSSC technologies, Fig. 18.1 illustrates the modus operandi of DSSCs. Initially, light is absorbed by a dye, which is anchored to the surface of either n- or p-type semiconductor mesoporous electrodes. Importantly, the possibility of integrating both types of electrodes into single DSSCs has evoked the potential of developing tandem DSSCs, which feature better overall device performances compared to just n-or p-type based DSSCs [19-26]. Briefly, n-type DSSCs, such as TiOz or ZnO mesoporous films, are deposited on top of indium-tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates and constitute the photoanodes. Here, charge separation takes place at the dye/electrode interface by means of electron injection from the photoexcited dye into the conduction band (cb) of the semiconductor [27,28]. A different mechanism governs p-type DSSCs, which are mainly based on NiO electrodes on ITO and/or FTO substrates... 

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