Indirect flux

C") Chlorite-iodine-reductant. These systems, which include systems 8 b, 9 b and 10b of Table 8 appear to be only minor variants of type C ) in which (M 9) replaces (M 8). C ") Chlorite-iodide-reductant. The only known example of this type is the chlorite-iodide-malonic acid system, which is of special interest because it supports both batch oscillations and spatial wave patterns. The slow decomposition of iodinated malonic acid species apparently provides a long lasting, indirect flux of iodide (via (M2) + (M9)) in this system. 

The indirect flux of CO2 to the ocean from the atmosphere is already quite apparent since preindustrial times, the pH of the surface ocean has been reduced by about 0.1 units, from an initial surface pH of about 8.2. Figure 1 illustrates what could happen to ocean pH under conditions of continued atmospheric release of CO2. Under the conditions simulated, the pH of the surface would drop by over 0.7 units. Conversely, by injecting some of the CO2... 

The Mix-R-Step type in Fig. ll-62e is an adaptation of avibratoiy conveyor. It features better heat-transfer rates, practically doubling the coefficient values of the standard flat surface and trebling heat-flux values, as the layer depth can be increased from the norm 13 to 25 and 32 mm (V2 to 1 and F in). It mav be provided on decks jacketed for air, steam, or water spray. It is also often apphcable when an infrared heat source is mounted overhead to supplement the indirect or as the sole heat source. 

If the glycolytic flux is slow much of the pyruvate formed enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by the citrate cycle and reducing equivalents (2H) from NADH are oxidized indirectly (see below). When the flux is fast there is net production of... 

Feedbacks may be affected directly by atmospheric CO2, as in the case of possible CO2 fertilization of terrestrial production, or indirectly through the effects of atmospheric CO2 on climate. Furthermore, feedbacks between the carbon cycle and other anthropogenically altered biogeochemical cycles (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) may affect atmospheric CO2. If the creation or alteration of feedbacks have strong effects on the magnitudes of carbon cycle fluxes, then projections, made without consideration of these feedbacks and their potential for changing carbon cycle processes, will produce incorrect estimates of future concentrations of atmospheric CO2. 

As expected, ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, causes a sustained rise in the free intracellular concentration to approximately 450 nM (Figure 4). In this system, pardaxin induced an increase in intracellular [Ca ] only in the presence of extracellular Ca (Figure 4). These results indicate that pardaxin mediated a Ca influx but did not release Ca from intracellular stores. This influx is most probably mediated directly by pardaxin channels and possibly also indirectly by activation of the Ca channels of the chromaffin cells by the depolarization produced by the pardaxin channels (data not shown). These observations further substantiate our hypothesis 10) that transmembrane fluxes of Na and Ca are involved in the pathological action of pardaxin. 

Tranter of Ions Mass transfer of ions in ED is described by many electrochemical equations. The equations used in practice are empirical. If temperature, the flux of individual components, elec-troosmotic effects, streaming potential and other indirect effects are... 

The technique offers a known interfacial area under convective flow conditions that are quite well-defined, with mass transport rates that are enhanced compared to the Lewis cell and its analogs. However, in common with many other approaches, interfacial fluxes must be determined indirectly from bulk solution measurements. 

There may be mobile Th that supplies Ra directly, and so also Ra indirectly. Note that there are few Th data available, and this flux is often assumed to be insignificant. 

II. Active carrier-mediated Flux is saturable with increasing concentration. Competitive substrates. Flux may be asymmetrical. Flux can be against an electrochemical gradient. Energy dependent—directly or indirectly coupled. Substrate specificity, competition, saturation. Flux is asymmetrical. 

From the earliest measurements of tissue calcium, it was clear that total calcium is largely a measure of stored calcium. Through the years, scientists have used a variety of indirect measures of [Ca2+]j. These include shortening of or tension in muscles secretion from secretory cells the activity of Ca2+-dependent enzymes, most notably glycogen phosphorylase and flux of K+, or K+ currents, as a reflection of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. In addition, investigators often use the radioactive calcium ion [45Ca2+] as an indirect indicator of Ca2+ concentrations and Ca2+ movements. 

Animal cells are separated from each other by lipid membranes. During signal transduction this barrier has to be passed, which can be realized by permanently or temporarily opened channels or by an indirect mechanism without material flux between the extra- and intracellular lumen (Fig. 1). 

Most work on the SR and diseased smooth muscle has concerned vascular smooth muscle in hypertensive animals, and bladders from animal models of outflow obstruction. The tools used to study SR function are mainly indirect, and include recording tension or intracellular [Ca2+] with fluorescent probes, measuring Ca2+ fluxes with 45Ca, and investigating the effects of drugs known to block SERCA or activate store release. More directly, some measurement of the activity of SERCA in microsomal preparations has been undertaken (e.g. Zderic et al 1996). 

As physically expected, the flux diminishes as we move downstream (increasing y) due to the previous depletion at lower y. No direct relation to the viscosity is present, as the flow is forced to go with a constant v (along different y), but the viscosity of the liquid has an indirect effect via Dt. 

In contrast to moment closures, the models used to close the conditional fluxes typically involve random processes. The choice of the models will directly affect the evolution of the shape of the PDF, and thus indirectly affect the moments of the PDF. For example, once closures have been selected, all one-point statistics involving U and 0 can be computed by deriving moment transport equations starting from the transported PDF equation. Thus, in Section 6.4, we will look at the relationship between (6.19) and RANS transport equations. However, we will first consider the composition PDF transport equation. 

Nebulization is inefficient and therefore not appropriate for very small liquid samples. Introducing samples into the plasma in liquid form reduces the potential sensitivity because the analyte flux is limited by the amount of solvent that the plasma will tolerate. To circumvent these problems a variety of thermal and electrothermal vaporization devices have been investigated. Two basic approaches are in use. The first involves indirect vaporization of the sample in an electrothermal vaporizer, e.g. a carbon rod or tube furnace or heated metal filament as commonly used in atomic absorption spectrometry [7-9], The second involves inserting the sample into the base of the... 

To assess the relative importance of the volatilisation removal process of APs from estuarine water, Van Ry et al. constructed a box model to estimate the input and removal fluxes for the Hudson estuary. Inputs of NPs to the bay are advection by the Hudson river and air-water exchange (atmospheric deposition, absorption). Removal processes are advection out, volatilisation, sedimentation and biodegradation. Most of these processes could be estimated only the biodegradation rate was obtained indirectly by closing the mass balance. The calculations reveal that volatilisation is the most important removal process from the estuary, accounting for 37% of the removal. Degradation and advection out of the estuary account for 24 and 29% of the total removal. However, the actual importance of degradation is quite uncertain, as no real environmental data were used to quantify this process. The residence time of NP in the Hudson estuary, as calculated from the box model, is 9 days, while the residence time of the water in the estuary is 35 days [16]. 

The measurements of the labeled metabolites may be performed with GC- or LC-MS, or by NMR. Because it is the most commonly used method, we will only consider GC-MS based approaches here. Obviously and unfortunately, it is not possible to directly measure the isotopomer enrichments by GC-MS, because the apparatus only yields total masses of molecules or fractions thereof, but not directly the position of a label. Each MS peak is produced by all isotopomers with the same molecular weight that is, the same number of labeled carbon positions. Sometimes this concept is also called mass isotopomers [264]. In a so-called retrobiosynthetic approach, it has been shown that the labeling state of many intracellular pools can be determined indirectly by measuring the labels in macromolecular biomass components at steady state for example, the labeling state of alanine from hydrolyzed protein reflects the label of pyruvate [265]. Using this approach, it is possible to quantify fluxes into storage components. 

Microtubules in the cytoskeleton and mitotic apparatus are also in a state of dynamic equilibrium and flux with unpolymerized tubulin, and tubulin appears to be an excellent example of the proteins which Pauling (1953) postulated to exist as globular protomers or as insoluble, fibrous, supramolecular structures akin to unpolymerized and polymeric hemoglobin S. The current view of the microtubule cytoskeleton in nondividing celb comes from the development of tubulin-specific antibodies for indirect immunofluorescent localization of microtubules (Fuller et al., 1975 Weber et al., 1975). The general structural features of such cyto-... 

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