Index to Other Substances

At the end of the book a Cumulative Index and a Cross-Index to Other Substances are provided. The Cumulative Index provides a comprehensive listing of the drugs covered in this book and the previous volumes. The Cross-Index lists the other compounds that may also be chromatographed under the conditions described in the monographs in this book. Using the information in the monographs it may be possible to develop chromatographic procedures for these compounds. 

The solubility of essential oils in water, or in aqueous solutions of other substances is obviously a question of considerable importance in reference to the transference of the oil from one portion of the plant to another, as will be seen in the sequel. From a laboratory point of view, the question has been thoroughly investigated in a number of eases by Umney and Bunker. The following table indicates the results obtained by these observers, the methods adopted by them being (1) the determination of the difference between the refractive index of the dry oil and that of the oil saturated with water, and (2) the determination of the difference between the specific gravity of the dry oil and that of the oil saturated with water —... 

An index is provided to the common and scientific names of approximately 2300 biological species listed in the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment series. A similar index is shown for the approximately 1600 chemicals, chemical trade names, and other substances with known biological properties. 

Other Substances. Several other index substances (W8), such as carotene, have been used by various workers in this field. There does not seem to be any particular advantage in these other methods. The use of one good water-soluble index substance, such as xylose, and one fat-soluble index substance, such as I131 fat or vitamin A in oil, is sufficient for diagnostic purposes. 

The diazonium perchlorates are extremely explosive, shock-sensitive materials when dry, some even when damp [1,2], The salt derived from diazotised p-phenylendiamine was considered to be more explosive than any other substance known in 1910 [3], Individually indexed compounds are 4-Aminobenzenediazonium perchlorate, 2304 Benzene-l,4-bis(diazonium perchlorate), 2160 Benzenediazonium perchlorate, 2232 4,4/-Biphenylenebis(diazonium) perchlorate, 3457... 

From what we see on the next page (properties) we can tell that codeine is not very soluble, so it stands to reason that this will be the last substance that will be eluted from the column. Acetaminophen looks the most soluble, so lets get rid of it first. Acetone looks like a good choice, but its hard to tell because the Merck Index did not say if the other substances are soluble or insoluble in acetone. Try a little and see what types of crystals appear upon evaporating off the solvent, test the melting point and see if it is exactly as stated for acetaminophen. If there are only two types of crystals then it may be easier to go ahead and elute these and then separate... 

Closer approximation is obtained by the refractometric method. For this purpose the refractive index of the juice at 200 is determined, Table X then giving the percentage of sugar, which is regarded as the dry substance the assumption here made is that the other dissolved matter influences the refractive index to the same extent as the saccharose does. 

If the risk index for all substances that cause deterministic responses in the waste (RId) in Equation 6.5 is zero (i.e., the doses of all substances that cause deterministic responses are less than the allowable values), classification is determined solely by the risk index for all substances that cause stochastic responses (RP) in Equation 6.4 the latter must be nonzero based on the assumption of a linear, nonthreshold dose-response relationship. On the other hand, if the risk index for all substances that cause deterministic responses is unity or greater, the calculated risk exceeds the allowable risk for the waste class of concern without the need to consider the risk posed by substances that cause stochastic effects. The only advantage of the form of the composite risk index in Equation 6.6 is that it indicates more explicitly that the total risk posed by a given waste is the sum of the risks posed by the two types of hazardous constituents, however approximate that representation may be. 

A substance is said to be chemically pure when it is made up of identical atoms and molecules. This means that the concept of purity can only apply to a single element or compound. As essential oils are made up of mixtures of organic compounds, they cannot be strictly chemically pure. Chemical purity and composition have to be related to an odour profile and be free from any contamination. Standard samples are used for reference when considering the purity of an essential oil, and the analytical techniques of GC-MS, refractive index and other methods previously described are applied. A standard sample or standard oil is a sample of a product that conforms to a specification for that product. It is kept for purposes of comparison with batch samples and used in quality evaluation. 

It has recently been discovered that nitric oxide (NO, nitrogen II oxide to be precise) is present in the body. It performs many functions, even though it is only present in very small quantities and sometimes lasts only a fraction of a second. Sometimes it is stabilized by reacting with other substances. How could this compound have been made in the body Useful web sites to research on this topic are www.hhmi.org/ science/cellbio/stamler.htm and girch2.med.uth.tmc.edu/faculty/fmurad/index.cfm... 

Each requires a very careful calibration of the system in order to obtain the composition from the measured optical property. If only one component is analyzed, then it is essential to show that its optical property is uniquely related to its concentration and is not dependent upon the other substances present. With the exception of optical rotation and refractive index, most of the optical methods do not give better than a 1 per cent accuracy under normal operating conditions, and generally the accuracy is much less. ... 

CAS sometimes finds it necessary to register substances without full knowledge of their structures. Examples are trivially named natural products and trade name materials. This may lead to unintentional duplication in the registry system since the actual material may be indexed at another CA index name based on information from another literature source. Similar problems may arise when more than one structure is reported for the same chemical substance. When it is recognised that duplication has occurred and that a substance has been assigned two registry numbers, one of the numbers is retained as the preferred number, to which the other one is cross-referred. 

Great emphasis is placed on making abstracts complete from the indexing point of view. This calls for abstracts to include every measurement, observation, method, apparatus, suggestion, and theory that is presented as new and of value in itself and to report all new compounds and all elements, compounds, and other substances for which new data are given. 

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