Cores diameter

The description of the atomic distribution in noncrystalline materials employs a distribution function, (r), which corresponds to the probability of finding another atom at a distance r from the origin atom taken as the point r = 0. In a system having an average number density p = N/V, the probability of finding another atom at a distance r from an origin atom corresponds to Pq ( ). Whereas the information given by (r), which is called the pair distribution function, is only one-dimensional, it is quantitative information on the noncrystalline systems and as such is one of the most important pieces of information in the study of noncrystalline materials. The interatomic distances cannot be smaller than the atomic core diameters, so = 0. 

In Fig. 13 is shown the 002 lattice images of an as-formed very thin VGCF. The innermost core diameter (ca. 20 nm as indicated by arrows) has two layers it is rather straight and appears to be the primary nanotube. The outer carbon layers, with diameters ca. 3-4 nm, are quite uniformly stacked parallel to the central core with 0.35 nm spacing. From the difference in structure as well as the special features in the mechanical strength (as in Fig. 7) it might appear possible that the two intrinsically different types of material... 

Now, let us consider a model in which the association site is located at a distance slightly larger than the hard-core diameter a. The excess free energy for a hard sphere fluid is given by the Carnahan-Starling equation [113]... 

Single Mode. The single-mode fiber has a step-index profile (Fig. 16.6c) and a small core diameter (typically 10 im) such that only one mode can travel through it. This is now the preferred system, particularly for long-distance transmission. The normal light source for multimode fibers is the light-emitting diode (LED). But... 

Figure 4.2.13 shows the variation of the flame speed with the maximum tangential velocity obtained with vortex ring combustion in the same mixture atmosphere [29]. The cylinder diameter was 100 mm and various lean, stoichiometric, and rich methane/ air and propane/air mixtures were examined. The diameter of the propagating flame was also determined and the ratio of the flame diameter to the core diameter was also plotted against the maximum tangential velocity. 

In all the mixtures, the flame speed increased almost linearly with an increase in the maximum tangential velocity. The value of the slope in the Vf-y(,max plane was almost unity for the stoichiometric mixtures, however, the slope became smaller for the lean and rich mixtures. The flame to the core diameter ratio decreased with the increasing Vg The ratio was around unity in the stoichiometric mixtures, while it was smaller than unity in the lean and rich mixtures. 

U is the translational velocity of the vortex ring r is the circulation D is the ring diameter d is the core diameter... 

It can be seen that the prediction 6a underestimates any results. This is because axial expansion is unrealistic, as indicated in Figure 4.2.8. On the other hand, prediction 5a covers almost all the results, except when the value of Vg is smaller than lOm/s. This is probably because of the usage of the mean pressure averaged over twice the radius of the vortex core in the model by Asato et al. [16], which is in quantitative agreement with the present vortex ring whose core diameter is about 25% the ring diameter. 

Influence of soil core diameter on study results... 

Advanced computerisation and sensorisation and developments in the field of multielement optical detectors (CCD and PDA) and fibre optic remote spectroscopy have added modularity and flexibility. Silica-silica fibres used for spectroscopy applications are multimode with core diameters from 50 to 1000 p,m. The application of new technologies to optical instrumentation (e.g. improved gratings in spectrographs, the use of... 

Ishii and Murakami (1991) evaluated the CFB scaling relationships of Horio et al. (1989) using two cold CFB models. Solids flux, pressure drop, and optical probe measurements were used to measure a large number of hydrodynamic parameters to serve as the basis for the comparison. Fair to good similarity was obtained between the beds. Dependent hydrodynamic parameters such as the pressure drop and pressure fluctuation characteristics, cluster length and voidage, and the core diameter were compared between the two beds. The gas-to-solid density ratio was not varied between the beds. As seen in Table 7, the dimensionless solids flux decreased as the superficial velocity was increased because the solids flux was held constant. 

The iron storage protein ferritin is a small 20 kDa a-helical protein that spontaneously assembles into a hollow ball-like homo-24-mer. The outer diameter of the sphere is circa 12 nm and the inner diameter, or core diameter, is circa 8 nm. A smaller version, known as miniferritin or Dps protein (Dps = DNA protecting... 

When the core diameter is inside several microns, only one (or several) modes can be guided in the fibre core and so these structures are called single-mode or few-mode ones. Single-mode (SM) silica fibres have a typical outer diameter of 125 pm with a 5-8-pm diameter of the core and a... 

Figure 9. Sectorial S-fibre structure Figure 10. Spectral dependence of the attenuation of (microphoto), core diameter 30 pm. the s-fihre and PCS fibre in solution of methylene...

The first intravascular sensor for simultaneous and continuous monitoring of the pH, pC>2, and pCC>2 was developed by CDI-3M Health Care (Tustin CA)14 based on a system designed and tested by Gehrich et al.15. Three optical fibres (core diameter = 125 pm) are encapsulated in a polymer enclosure, along with a thermocouple embedded for temperature monitoring (Figure 3). pH measurement is carried out by means of a fluorophore, hydroxypyrene trisulfonic acid (HTPS), covalently bonded to a matrix of cellulose, attached to the fibre tip. Both the acidic ( eXc=410 nm) and alkaline ( exc=460 nm) excitation bands of the fluorophore are used, since their emission bands are centred on the same wavelength (/-cm 520 nm). The ratio of the fluorescence intensity for the two excitations is measured, to render the sensor relatively insensitive to fluctuations of optical intensity. 

The emission properties of QDs can be adjusted based upon core diameter and nanoparticle composition. Nanoparticle diameters typically are carefully controlled during manufacture to be between 2 and 10 nm. In addition, the band gap energy or energy of fluorescence emission is inversely proportional to the diameter of the QD particle. Thus, the smaller the particle, the... 

We have recently synthesized monodisperse hexanethiolate-protected gold clusters, AU144-C6S, and determined an average core diameter of 1.7 0.3 nm, in support of the estimated molecular formula Au144-(C6H11S)52 (Fig. 30b) [334],... 

---