Nerve activity

C22H23NNa202, (17), both inhibit the effect of sensory nerve activation, thereby interfering with bronchoconstriction (101). 

Starke, K (1987) Presynaptic a-autoreceptors. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 107 73-146. Zhong, H and Minneman, KP (1999) i-Adrenoceptor subtypes Eur. J. Pharmacol. 375 261-276. Zigmond, RE, Schwarzschild, MA and Rittenhouse, AR (1989) Acute regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by nerve activity and by neurotransmitters via phosphorylation. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 12 451-461. 

Table 9.4 Effects of Autonomic Nerve Activity on Some Effector Tissues... 

Sympathetic nerve activity causes an increase in blood pressure through many mechanisms, including an increase in cardiac activity and vasoconstriction. Activation of the sympathetic system also causes the stimulation of Pi-adrenergic receptors on the renin-producing cells, which promotes renin release. 

An overall increase in sympathetic nerve activity includes an increase in sympathetic input to the kidneys. Consequently, resistance of the afferent arteriole increases, leading to a decrease in RBF. As discussed, this results in a decrease in PGC, GFR, and urine output. As such, the renal excretion of sodium and water is decreased. In other words, sodium and water are... 

Consequences of acetylcholinesterase inhibition differ with effector site. At postganglionic parasympathetic effector sites, AChE inhibition enhances or potentiates the action of administered ACh or ACh released by nerve activity. In part, this is a consequence of diffusion of... 

MacNeil, B J. et al., Peripheral endotoxin increases splenic sympathetic nerve activity via central prostaglandin synthesis, Am. J. Physiol., 273, R609, 1997. 

Nonpeptide receptors Adenosine Aj Human cDNA Cardiac arrhythmia, asthma, myocardial ischemia, obesity, pain, renal disease, sleep apnea, stroke, cancer, inflammation, glaucoma, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease Bradycardia, lipolysis inhibition, reduction of glomerular filtration and natriuresis, tubero-glomerular feedback, antinociception, renal vasodilatation-constriction, reduction of central cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve activity, presynaptic inhibition of excitatory neuro transmission... 

Adverse effects. Cardiovascular crises are a possible risk emotional stress of the patient may cause sympathoadrenal activation with epinephrine release. The resulting rise in blood pressure can be all the more marked because persistent depression of sympathetic nerve activity induces supersen-sitivily of effector organs to circulating catecholamines. 

The CNS effects of CG (C) are also due to binding to Na /K -ATPases. Enhanced vagal nerve activity causes a decrease in sinoatrial beating rate and velocity of atrioventricular conduction. In patients with heart failure, improved circulation also contributes to the reduction in heart rate. Stimulation of the Lullmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 

Niijima, A., Okui, T., Matsumura, Y., Yamano, T., Tsuroka, N., Kiso, Y., and Nagai, K. (2002). Effects of L-carnosine on renal sympathetic nerve activity and DOCA-salt hypertension in rats. Auton. Neurosci. 97, 99-102. 

Shen, J., Yao, J. F., Tanida, M., and Nagai, K. (2008). Regulation of sympathetic nerve activity by L-carnosine in mammalian white adipose tissue. Neurosci. Lett. 44,100-104. 

Fig. 3. Schematic drawing of an adrenergic synapse. Nerve activity releases the endogenous neurotransmitter noradrenaline...

The injection of a vasoconstrictor, which causes an increase in mean arterial blood pressure, results in activation of the baroreceptors and increased neural input to the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata. The reflex compensation for the drug-induced hypertension includes an increase in parasympathetic nerve activity and a decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. This combined alteration in neural firing reduces cardiac rate and force and the tone of vascular smooth muscle. As a consequence of the altered neural control of both the heart and the blood vessels, the rise in blood pressure induced by the drug is opposed and blunted. 

The rate of pacemaker discharge within these specialized myocytes is influenced by the activity of both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Increased sympathetic nerve activity to the heart, the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, or the exogenous administration of adrenomimetic amines will cause an increase in the rate of pacemaker activity through stimulation of -adrenoceptors on the pacemaker cells (Figure 16.3). 

Decreased sympathetic nerve activity in afferent arteriole leads to decreased renin release. 

Thus, it seems that the lack of sympathetic nervous system inhibition produced by the vasodilators, which is advantageous in some ways, can also be a disadvantage in that reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity will lead to hemodynamic changes that reduce the effectiveness of the drugs. Therefore, the vasodilators are generally inadequate as the sole therapy for hypertension. However, many of the factors that limit the usefulness of the vasodilators can be obviated when they are administered in combination with a -adrenoceptor antagonist, such as propranolol, and a diuretic. Propranolol reduces the cardiac stimulation that occurs in response to increases in sympathetic nervous activity, and the... 

The antihypertensive activity of clonidine can be ascribed solely to a decrease in the sympathetic activity transmitted from the brain to the peripheral vasculature. After clonidine administration, direct measurements of sympathetic nerve activity show that electrical discharge is reduced in a number of sympathetic nerves, including the cardiac, splanchnic, and cervical nerves. 

Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium attenuate bronchospasm induced by various stimuli, including antigen, exercise, cold dry air, and sulfur dioxide. They suppress inflammatory cell influx and chemotactic activity along with antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity. Also inhibited is C-flber sensory nerve activation in animal models, which may in turn suppress reflex-induced bronchospasm. 

Taste-modifying effect. Water extract of the dried rhizome, administered intragastri-cally to male rats at a dose of 50 mg/mL, increased activity of vagal gastric nerve. The extract also blocked the suppression of vagal gastric nerve activity induced by Pinellia ternata ° b... 

Grossman E, Rea RF, Hoffman A, et al Yohimbine increases sympathetic nerve activity and norepinephrine spillover in normal volunteers. Am J Physiol 2601 (1 pt 2 R142-R147, 1991... 

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