In Poland

The wodd s largest sulfur iaveatories are stiH ia Canada. By the end of 1994, after significant vattiag, stocks iacreased by approximately 2.2 x 10 to 7.8 X 10 t. The United States, which had 4.2 million metric tons of sulfur inventories in 1982, reduced sulfur inventories to the lowest levels in a decade during 1992, a record year for phosphate fertilizer exports. This changed during 1993—1994, when phosphate fertilizer production eased and sulfur stocks increased to 1.1 million metric tons. Sulfur inventories in Poland and West Asia have also declined slightly (33). 

F. Kaspr2ak and B. Glebko, Chemik 19, 267—273 (1966). Dyes for Foods, Pharmaceuticals, and Cosmetics. Natural and synthetic dyes produced in Poland and other countries are described and compared. 

Additions of new flocculants after conventional thickening produce further dewatering of mineral slimes. A clay flocculated with polyacrylamides and rotated in a dmm can produce a growth of compact kaolin pellets (84), which can easily be wet-screened and dewatered. A device called a Dehydmm, which flocculates and pelletizes thickened sludges into round, 3-mm pellets, was developed for this purpose. Several units reported in commercial operation in Japan thicken fine refuse from coal-preparation plants. The product contains 50% moisture, compared with 3% soflds fed into the Dehydmm from the thickener underflow (85). In Poland, commercial use of the process to treat coal fines has been reported (86), and is said to compare favorably both economically and technically to thickening and vacuum filtration. 

The great evaporite basin deposits of elemental sulfur in Poland were discovered only in 1953 but have since had a dramatic impact on the economy of that country which, by 1985, was one of the world s leading producers (p. 649). The sulfur occurs in association with secondary limestone, gypsum and anhydrite, and is believed Ui be derived from hydrocarbon reduction of sulfates assisted 1 bacterial action. The H2S so formed is consumed by other bacteria to produce sulfur as waste — this accumulates in the bodies of the bacteria until death, when the sulfur remains. 

Three years after introduction of aspirin into therapy, Hirschberg in Poznan, now in Poland, described the first case of a transient, acute angioedema/urticaria, occurring shortly after ingestion of aspirin. Reports of anaphylactic reactions to aspirin soon followed. The other major type of adverse reaction, acute bronchospasm, was described in the second decade of the 20th century. In 1920, Van der Veer reported the first death due to aspirin. The association of aspirin sensitivity, asthma and nasal polyps was first recorded by Widal in 1922. This clinical entity, later named the aspirin triad was popularized in 1968 by Samter and Beers [3], who presented a... 

Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way (London John Murray, reprint 1993), 146-47, 148. See also Stanislaw Kot, Socianism in Poland (Boston, 1957). 

Kot, Stanislaw, Socianism in Poland (Boston Starr King Press, 1957). 

Hubicki, Wlodzimierz. "Alchemy and chemistry in the XIVth and XVth centuries in Poland." In International Congress of the History of Science, XHIth , vol. vii, 189-196. 

Hubicki, Wlodzimierz. "Paracelsists in Poland." In Science, medicine and society in the Renaissance, ed. Allen George Debus, i, 167-175., 1972. 

After earning a lackluster Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1891, Haber wrote a friend, The thesis is miserable. One and a half years of new substances prepared like a baker s bread rolls.. . . One learns to be modest. In preparation for entering his father s business, he studied chemical technology in an alcohol distillery in Hungary, a Solvay soda factory in Austria, and a salt mine in Poland. His obligatory year in the Prussian army left him with a smart, military manner and a love of rank and discipline. His attempts to become a reserve officer failed, however, for this was a prestigious honor reserved for Christians, and Haber was Jewish. 

ESR and ESRI studies in the Detroit laboratory have received sustained and generous support from the Polymers Program of the National Science Foundation. Efforts in Poland were supported by the Ministry of Education and Science, grant number 3 T09A 051 28. We acknowledge with gratitude the... 

Lucjan Strekowski was born in Poland. In 1967 he obtained an MS degree in polymer chemistry with distinction from the Mendeleev Institute of Chemistry, Moscow, former USSR, and in 1971 a Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from the Institute of Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. In 1972 he was appointed assistant professor and in 1976 promoted to associate professor (Docent) at the Institute of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland. After several stints as visiting scientist at the University of Kansas, USA, the University of Florida, USA, and the Australian National University, in 1984 he accepted the position of assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, where he was promoted to associate professor in 1989, and then to professor in 1996. Professor Strekowski has published more than 250 research papers, directed 16 Ph.D. dissertations, and trained more than 40 postdoctoral research associates in the areas of heterocyclic, bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. 

In the sixth paper of this chapter, Kierzek et al., mainly focus on modeling of pore formation vs surface area growth phenomena upon activation of coal and pitch-derived carbon precursors. These authors briefly touch on other precursor carbons as well. The properties of newly synthesized materials are being looked at from the point of view of their application as active materials in the supercapacitor electrodes. Editors thought this work by the Institute of Chemistiy and Technology of Petroleum and Coal in Poland, could be of genuine interest to the practical developers of carbon materials for the supercapacitor industry. 

In the third paper, M. Walkowiak et al. report on findings of Central laboratory of batteries and Cells (CLAiO) in Poland, as related to the electrochemical performance of spherodized purified natural graphite and boron-doped carbons in lithium-ion batteries. While it is noteworthy that... 

The median of the distributions for the tgtal of Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Misasa and Mihama data is 17.7 Bq/na. This is the same as that for central Canada, higher than found in Poland, England and Austria, slightly lower than that for the Netherlands, and one-half or one-third of those for West Germany, Switzerland, Finland and Sweden (Urban et al., 1985). 

However, the most significant development in recent years has been represented by the trend towards smaller facilities based on smaller accelerators. The work done at ETH in Zurich on the study of stripping yields, molecular dissociation and detection efficiency at low energies has led to the development of systems based on low voltage tandem machines they have demonstrated that 14C measurement is also possible using 500 kV or even 200 kV accelerators.[61,62] The main advantage in the use of dedicated 14C smaller accelerators is the reduced space requirements [63] for example, while the 3 MV VERA facility covers an area of 192 m2, the compact 500 kV AMS system at the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory in Poland covers an area of 30 m2 and the 200 kV MICADAS system in Zurich only about 7 m2. 

Now, as Szpilfogel waited to testily, from the dock the Farben directors hastened to praise his character. "Herr Szpilfogel was a man of caliber who, for the first time, introduced naphthal dyestuffs in Poland. He was, no doubt, a highly respected personality."... 

This survey was called "The Most Important Chemical Plants in Poland." It set forth detailed charts of facilities, biographies of the plants directors and owners, and — most significant — a metic-... 

This "bid" of Von Schnitzler s was telegraphed to Berlin a week before there was any German civil administration in Poland. 

Meantime, in Poland, Von Schnitzler suffered another setback. One of the coveted companies, Pabjanice, was wholly owned by a concern in neutral Switzerland. Anticipating his meeting in Berlin, Von Schnitzler wired the Swiss owners that he would be happy to contact the German authorities about "safeguarding your Polish dyestuffs factories." The Swiss parent company saw through the subterfuge. They wired back ... 

In trying to grab the other companies, Von Schnitzler met the government opposition cleverly. He did not seek immediate control he suggested that the Economic Ministry appoint Farben men as "trustees for the Reich," with authority to "continue the works or to close them and make use of the stocks of raw materials, intermediates, and finished products." Von Schnitzler pointed out that 85 per cent of coal tar and intermediates produced by Farben for the Nazi war machine came from Ludwigshafen in western Germany. Strategy demanded that Farben find safer eastern plants such as these in Poland. 

My factory was destroyed, and I have nothing to do with my factory any more in Poland. I went to Switzerland to recuperate. 

Q. This estate, wasn t it confiscated Isn t it also important that (last year) you no longer had any right of your land in Poland any more ... 

What had happened in Poland could happen anywhere in the world if the use of force between nations and the peoples of nations was not checked by law. Once armed force had been used —... 

It s better than that Bear in mind that they sent the 50 doses, not to Auschwitz in Poland, but to the Buchenwald concentration camp in the center of Germany, where there was no epidemic."... 

Q. At any time when you were in Italy, did you read or hear about the position taken by the Vatican newspapers with respect to the German program in Poland for the treatment of the Jews ... 

Then Ilgner set up a Farben "Foreign Policy School." He personally examined all candidates. One textbook might have been "The New Order for the Chemical Industries of Poland" for that was the latest edition of a survey he had written two years before, "The Most Important Chemical Plants in Poland."... 

There was only one plausible explanation. He had taken part, albeit with distaste, in the robberies in Poland. From the spoils of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland, Farben had already formed its own Central Patent Agency. In fact, Farben was on its way to running the whole European patent system anyway. In these calm essays, Von Knieriem could rewrite the Farben depredations in those other countries, while looking to a future where the contracts read like a clear conscience. 

Then the French Ministry of Production violated the Hitler-Petain pact and issued a special ruling agreeing not to stand in the way of Farben control. Still, the French industrialists stretched out the negotiations. Von Schnitzler wrote to a subordinate in Poland ... 

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