In bone cells

A less common circumstance leading to hypercalcemia is development of a form of bone disease characterized by a profound decrease in bone cell activity and loss of the calcium buffering action of bone (adynamic bone disease). In the absence of kidney function, any calcium absorbed from the intestine accumulates in the blood. Therefore, such patients are very sensitive to the hypercalcemic action of l,25(OH)2D. These individuals generally have a high serum calcium but... 

Dallas, S. L., Keene, D. R., Saharinen, J., Sakai, L. Y., Mundy, G. R., and Bonewald, L. F. (2000). Role of the latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein family in fibrillin-containing microfibrils in bone cells in vitro and in vivo. J. Bone Mineral Res. 15, 68-81. 

Abstract Calcium transport and calcium signalling mechanisms in bone cells have, in many... 

Falsafi R, Tatakis DN, Hagel-Bradway S, Dziak R. 1991. Effects of inositol trisphosphate on calcium mobilization in bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 49 333-9. 

Ypey DL, Weidema AF, Hold KM, Van der Laarse A, Ravesloot JH, Van Der Plas A, Nijweide PJ. 1992. Voltage, calcium, and stretch activated ionic channels and intracellular calcium in bone cells. J Bone Miner Res. 7 Suppl 2 S377-87. 

Swarthout JT, D Alonzo RC, Selvamurugan N, Partridge NC. Parathyroid hormone-dependent signaling pathways regulating genes in bone cells. Gene. 2002 282 1-17. 

The role of lycopene in bone health to date is based on its potent antioxidant properties, the well-known role of oxidative stress in bone health, and the limited reported studies on the effects of lycopene in bone cells in culture. Therefore, in order to understand the role that lycopene can play in bone health, we have included a review of the reported studies on the role of oxidative stress in bone health and bone cells. 

King, G.J. and Holtrop, M.E. (1975) Actin-like filaments in bone cells of cultured mouse calvaria as demonstrated by binding to heavy meromyosin. Journal of Cell Biology 66 445-451... 

Zhang, D., Cowin, S.C., and Weinbaum, S. (1997) Electrical signal transmission and gap junction regulation in bone cell network a cable model for an osteon. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 25 357-374... 

Norton, L.A. Shteyer, A. Rodan, G. A. Electromagnetic field effects on DNA synthesis in bone cells. American Electrochemical Society, 157th Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri,... 

In addition, l,25(OH)2D3 is involved in a number of genomic events related to the synthesis of a number of proteins found in bone cells (procollagen [41], osteocalcin [42], osteonectin [43], matrix Gla protein [44]). 

Klein-Nulend J, Roclofsen J, Semeins CM, Bronckers AL, Burger EH. Mechanical stimulation of osteopontin mRNA expression and synthesis in bone cell cultures. I Cell Physiol. 1997 170 174-181. 

Walker LM, Publicover SJ, Preston MR, Said Ahmed MA, El Haj AJ. Calcium-channel activation and matrix protein upregulation in bone cells in response to mechanical strain. J Cell Biochem. 2000 79 648-661. 

Besides collagen, other compounds make up 2% to 5% of the total organic matrix of bone. These include proteins that promote mineral deposition and regulate the size, orientation and growth rate of bone mineral. There are also lipids in bone cell membranes and carbohydrates. 

Hofbauer LC, Heufelder AE. Role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and osteoprote-gerin in bone cell biology. J Mol Med 2001 79 ... 

Inoue, D., Reid, M., Lum, L., Kratzschmar, J Weskamp, G., Myung, Y.M., Baron, R., and Blobel, C.P. (1998). Cloning and initial characterization of mouse meltrin p and analysis of the expression of four metalloprotease-disintegrins in bone cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273 4180-4187. 

Tetradis, S., Bezouglaia, O. and Tsingotjidou, A. (2001) Parathyroid hormone induces expression of the nuclear orphan receptor Nurrl in bone cells. Endocrinology, 142, 663-670. 

Osteonectin (ONN) is a protein that is concerned with regulating the adhesion of osteoblasts and platelets to their extracellular matrix, as well as early stromal mineralization. ONN is modified differently at a post-translational level in bone cells and megakaryocytes to yield molecules with different oligosaccharide substructures sequences of ONN-related genomic DNA, intranuclear RNA, and mRNA are identical in those two cell... 

Canalis, E., McCarthy, T.L. and Centrella, M. (1991) Growth factors and cytokines in bone cell metabolism. Anna. Rev. Med. 42 17-24. 

Takayanagi, R., K. Goto, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, S. Shimoda, and H. Nawata (2002). Dehy-droepiandrosterone (DHEA) as a possible source for estrogen formation in bone cells Correlation between bone mineral density and serum DHEA-sulfate concentration in postmenopausal women, and the presence of aromatase to be enhanced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin Dj in human osteoblasts. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123, 1107-1114. 

Parathormone also increases DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in osteoclasts, but decreases such synthetic processes in osteoblasts. These findings are in keeping with the role of the hormone in bone resorption. The intramitochondrial calcium granules in bone cells are also increased after the administration of parathormone. Whether this effect is related to calcium release remains to be shown. The exact molecular sequence that leads to calcium resorption in bone is not known. But it has been established in experiments using bone calvaria and isolated bone cells that parathormone elicits the formation of a second messenger namely, cyclic AMP (see chapter on hormones) through the stimulation of adenylcyclase. 

Hughes S, Dobson J, El Haj AJ. Magnetic targeting of mechanosensors in bone cells for tissue engineering applications. J Biomech 2007 40( Suppl. 1). 

Smalt, R. et al, Mechanotransduction in bone cells induction of nitric oxide and prostaglandin synthesis by fluid shear stress, but not by mechanical strain, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol, 433,311,1997. 

The collected herbs were dried under sunlight or in oven at 40°C. The dried herbs were weighed and ground in powder. The powder was macerated with ethanol in a ratio of Ig 11 for 3 days. NaS04 was added to absorb water content in the mixture. The ethanol with herb powder was then filtered and evaporated with rotary evaporator at 30-35°C. The ethanolic extract was added with 200ml hexane. The mixture was left for 3 days. After that, the mixture was filtered to gain hexane extract. The residue was added with water and ethyl acetate to perform liquid-liquid extraction. Water layer was freeze-dried to obtain water extract. Meanwhile, ethyl acetate layer was evaporated to obtain ethyl acetate extract. The four types of herbal extracts were used in bone cell proliferation tests. 

Cai, Y., et al., 2007. Role of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle size in bone cell prohferation. Journal of Materials Chemistry 17 (36), 3780. Available at http //xlink.rsc.org/ DOI=b705129h (accessed 08.10.14.). 

There is evidence that some of the pathways that regulate self-renewal are sensitive to mechanical forces. The Wnt pathway is known to be important for the physiological adaptation of bone mass and structure to mechanical loading. Both pulsatile fluid flow and mechanical strain " have been shown to activate the Wnt/P-catenin pathway in bone cells, which results in nuclear translocation of P-catenin and increased proliferation. This pathway has also been implicated in tumorigenesis and in controlling self-renewal of stem cells. Similarly, mechanical forces have been shown to induce the expression of proteins of the Hedgehog family in smooth muscle cells and chondrocytes. The mechanosensitivity of these pathways has not yet been explored in the context of stem cell self-renewal. 

Liedert, A., Kaspar, D., Blakytny, R., Claes, L., and Ignatius, A. 2006. Signal transduction pathways involved in mechanotransduction in bone cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 349,1-5. 

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