Important Abbreviations

Our aim has not been to make the volumes absolutely exhaustive, as this would render them unnecessarily bulky and expensive rather has it been to contribute concise and suggestive accounts of the various topics, and to append numerous references to the leading works and memoirs dealing with the same. Every effort has been made to render these references accurate and reliable, and it is hoped that they will prove a useful feature of the series. The more important abbreviations, which are substantially the same as those adopted by the Chemical Society, are detailed in the subjoined lists, pp. xvii-xx. 

Two important abbreviations that are introduced at this time are ... 

Table 5 provides information on the most important abbreviations used in the field of plastics. For a detailed list see [6]. 

Figrire 8 An overview of quantum chemical methods for excited states. Bold-italic entries indicate methods that are currently applicable to large molecules. Important abbreviations used Cl (configuration Interaction), TD (time-dependent), CC (coupled-cluster), HF (Hartree-Fock), CAS (complete active space), RAS (restricted active space), MP (Moller-Plesset perturbation theory), S (singles excitation), SD (singles and doubles excitation), MR (multireference). Geometry optimizations of excited states for larger molecules are now possible with CIS, CASSCF, CC2, and TDDFT methods. 

All new information on chemical matters or original presentations and discussions of known material are published in scientific journals. The most important of these dealing with organic compounds are (the abbreviated names are given in parentheses) ... 

One of the things that environmental scientists do IS to keep track of important elements in the biosphere—in what form do these ele ments normally occur to what are they transformed and how are they returned to their normal state Careful studies have given clear although compli cated pictures of the nitrogen cycle the sulfur cy cle and the phosphorus cycle for example The carbon cycle begins and ends with atmospheric carbon dioxide It can be represented in an abbrevi ated form as... 

Among the complexing agents that find use as titrating agents, ethylenediamine-A,A(A, A-tet-raacetic acid (acronym EDTA, and equation abbreviation, H4Y) is by far the more important, and it is used in the vast majority of complexometric titrations. The successive acid values of H4Y are pKi = 2.0, pisTj = 2.67, = 6.16, pTCt = 10.26 at 20°C and an ionic strength of 0.1. The fraction... 

Note this is the same derivation that yields the important results V = (3G/3p)y and S = (3G/3T)p when no elastic work is considered. It would be inappropriate for a book like this to digress into thermodynamics any further than this. The two relationships cited above are derived in almost every thermodynamics text the student is advised to consult a suitable reference and review this material if the treatment above is too abbreviated. 

Since adipic acid has been produced in commercial quantities for almost 50 years, it is not surprising that many variations and improvements have been made to the basic cyclohexane process. In general, however, the commercially important processes stiU employ two major reaction stages. The first reaction stage is the production of the intermediates cyclohexanone [108-94-1] and cyclohexanol [108-93-0], usuaHy abbreviated as KA, KA oil, ol-one, or anone-anol. The KA (ketone, alcohol), after separation from unreacted cyclohexane (which is recycled) and reaction by-products, is then converted to adipic acid by oxidation with nitric acid. An important alternative to this use of KA is its use as an intermediate in the manufacture of caprolactam, the monomer for production of nylon-6 [25038-54-4]. The latter use of KA predominates by a substantial margin on a worldwide basis, but not in the United States. 

Poly(propylene oxide) [25322-69-4] may be abbreviated PPO and copolymers of PO and ethylene oxide (EO) are referred to as EOPO. Diol poly(propylene oxide) is commonly referred to by the common name poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Propylene oxide [75-56-9] and poly(propylene oxide) and its copolymers, with ethylene oxide, have by far the largest volume and importance in the polyurethane (PUR) and surfactant industry compared to all other polyepoxides. Articles reviewing propylene oxide (1), poly(propylene oxide) (2—4), other poly(aIkylene oxides) (4), and polyurethanes (5—7) are cited to lead the interested reader to additional detail not in the scope of this article. 

Air Permeability. Air permeabiUty is an important parameter for certain fabric end uses, eg, parachute fabrics, boat sails, warm clothing, rainwear, and industrial air filters. Air permeabiUty of a fabric is related to its cover, or opacity. Both of these properties are related to the amount of space between yams (or fibers in the case of nonwovens). The most common method for specifying air permeabiUty of a fabric involves measuring the air flow per unit area at a constant pressure differential between the two surfaces of the fabric. This method, suitable for measuring permeabiUty of woven, knitted, and nonwoven fabrics, is described in ASTM D737. Units for air permeabiUty measured by this method are generally abbreviated as CFM, or cubic feet per square foot per minute. 

The traditional areas of wet chemistry came under very close scrutiny and it was felt that whilst the overall size of Part D could be justifiably reduced, the chapter on titrimetry required modification to include a section on titrations in non-aqueous solvents as these are of particular application to organic materials. It was also felt that environmentally important titrations such as those for dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand should be introduced for the first time. By way of contrast to this we considered that gravimetry has greatly diminished in application and justified a substantial reduction in volume. This in no way undermines its importance in terms of teaching laboratory skills, but the original multitude of precipitations has been substantially pruned and experimental details abbreviated. 

The PGCBA resin is composed of various components, but the important one is the Tetra glycidyl compound of bisphenol A (abbreviated TGCBA)... 

Abbreviations—important pharmacologic and general medical abbreviations die nurse needs to know when caring for die patient undergoing drug therapy are spelled out in die back of die text. 

Polyesters are one of the most versatile classes of polymers ever produced, covering a wide range of properties and applications. Polyesters are present in fibers, engineering thermoplastics, and high-performance polymers as well as in thermosetting resins and elastomers. Table 2.1 lists the chemical structure, abbreviations, and uses of some commercially important thermoplastic polyesters. 

Knowledge of phase diagrams is not only a prerequisite for efficient crystal-growth, but also provides information on the formation of solid solutions, in which, for example, physical properties may change continuously. The numerous publications concerning Group VA systems are summarized in Tables XXV-XXVII, together with the respective references and the most important information. Abbreviations used... 

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