Immunostimulating properties

C-Alkylated derivatives have shown immunostimulant properties, and 2-0- and -3-O-alkylated lipid-soluble derivatives are known to protect against the lipid peroxidation of biomembranes.250... 

BCG is a viable strain of Mycobacterium bovis that has been used for immunization against tuberculosis. It has also been employed as a nonspecific adjuvant or immunostimulant in cancer therapy but has been successful only in intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer. BCG appears to act at least in part via activation of macrophages to make them more effective killer cells in concert with lymphoid cells in the cellular efferent limb of the immune response. Lipid extracts of BCG as well as nonviable preparations of Corynebacterium parvum may have similar nonspecific immunostimulant properties. A chemically defined derivative of the BCG cell wall, [Lys18]-muramyl dipeptide, has been licensed in Japan to enhance bone marrow recovery after cancer chemotherapy. 

Prokopenko et al described that some naphthoquinones normalized or increased the immune response in rats after intensive physical load. The naphthoquinones induced the development of immunostimulating properties in heavy red blood cells by direct action on cell membranes or indirectly through proteolytic enzymes secreted by hepatocytes [212]. Other activities described for several naphthoquinones related to lapachol are antipsoriatic [213], larvicidal and insecticidal, [214-215] molluscicidal [216], and mutagenicity in salmonella [217]. The potential use of lapachol in cosmetics has been published too [218]. 

The splitting of the anthelmintic drug tetramisole into its two components reveal nematocidal and immunostimulant properties for S(-)-levamisole and antidepressant properties for R(+)-dexamisole [19,20] (Fig. 1.8). 

Amphotericin B - Observations on the immunostimulant properties of the clinically used antifungal polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) and its methylester (AME) were extended. In mice, the drugs augmented antibody formation to TNP-HSA with pronounced enhancement of secondary IgG responses,... 

The substituted imidazo-thiazole, dexamisole, has antidepressant properties and its isomer, levamisole, possesses anthelmintic and immunostimulant properties. Enantiomers of HA-966 (3-amino-l-hydroxypyrrolid-2-one) exhibit distinct central nervous system effects (+)-HA-966 is a selective glycine/A-methyl-o-aspartate receptor antagonist, but (-)-HA-966 is a potent i-butyrolactone-Uke sedative." A comparison of (+) and (-)-3-methoxycypro-heptadine shows that aU of the anticholinergic activity of the ( )-3-methoxycyproheptadine resides solely in the dextrorotatory enantiomer, while the antiserotonin activity resides in the levorotatory enantiomer." ... 

Construction of the oxazine ring of 783 was achieved by cyanation of the 4-amino-4-ethoxycarbonyl-pyrrol-3-yl C-nucleoside 337 with cyanogen bromide, followed by hydrolysis and cyclization of the ester cyanamide 782 with methanolic potassium hydroxide. Removal of the sugar-protective ketal group gave 783, which possessed immunostimulant properties [85TL5785 86JAP(K)86/260094] (Scheme 205). 

Levamisole (and its racemate tetramisole) leads to worm paralysis by ganglionic stimulation via acetylcholine. It is curious that the drug produces a depolarizing neuromuscular blockade in vertebrates. Levamisole is used in ascariasis outside the United States. The drug also is said to have immunostimulant properties, and it has been approved in the United States (1990) for such indications. As a thymomimetic in mice it tends to restore T-cell immune responses to normal. 

Cefadroxil has an amoxicillin-like side chain at C-7 and is orally active. There are some indications that cefadroxil has some immunostimulant properties mediated through T-cell activation and that this is of material assistance to patients in fighting infections. The prolonged biological half-life of cefadroxil allows once-a-day dosage. 

Two acylated saponins, tram- and cw-/ -methoxycinnamoyl triterpene glycosides, have recently been isolated from Silene jenisseensis (Caryophyllacea) [71]. Since these saponins contain quillaic acid as their aglycone (Fig. 11), they should be expected to have immunostimulating properties. However, no apparent immunostimulating activity was detected by an in vitro chemiluminescent granulocyte assay [4,71]. 

Lederer, E.. A. Adam, R. Ciorbaru. J.-F. Petit, and J. Wietzerbin Cell walls of myco-bacteria and related organisms chemistry and immunostimulant properties. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 7, 87 (1975). 

Answer the questions that follow regarding the following compound, which has been found in herbal preparations of Echinacea, the genus name for a variety of plants marketed for their immunostimulant properties. 

Several are the medical applications of new EPSs, ranging from antitumor to antiviral agents polymers with immunostimulant properties have been described. Qeobacillus themodenitnficans isolated ffomVulcano island (Italy) produced an EPS with immunomodulatory and antiviral effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The same authors have reported the studies conducted on a new EPS produced by Badllus licheniformis that showed the antiviral and the immunoregulatory effect... 

The present review focuses on the immune enhancing potential of saponins with mainly immunoadjuvant and immunostimulating properties. 

It has been suggested (Wilkinson, 1975) that the activating factor of cutaneous propionibacteria, at least in part, is represented by a peptide that has affinity to the membrane of mononuclear phagocytes, in which it activates such processes as exocytosis, endocytosis, motility. After a short period of activation an increase in protein synthesis is observed in macrophages. But the molecular basis of the immunostimulating properties of anaerobic coryneforms requires further studies. 

The chemistry and immunostimulant properties of the cell walls of mycobacteria and related organisms have been reviewed. Concanavalin A has been shown to react with three antigenic polysaccharides present in culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, these polysaccharides were isolated by direct precipitation and affinity chromatography. A mannan esterified with succinic acid has been isolated from extracts of mesosomal and plasma membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus The polysaccharide was precipitated by concanavalin A, but it was attacked only slightly by jack-bean a-mannosidase. I.r. spectroscopy indicated the presence of both esterified and free carboxy-groups in the mannan. Mesosomal membranes isolated from M. lysodeikticus, unlike preparations of plasma membranes, were unable to catalyse the incorporation of D-[ C]mannose from GDP-D-[ C]mannose into the mannan it appears that the membrane system is unable to synthesize the carrier lipid undecaprenyl D-mannosyl phosphate. It was suggested that the juxtaposition of the mesosomal vesicles and the enveloping plasma membrane in vivo allows the mannan located on the mesosomal vesicles to accept D-mannosyl units from the carrier lipid located in the plasma membrane. 

Webster D, Taschereau P, Lee TD (2006) Immunostimulant properties of Heracleum maximum Bartr. J Ethnopharmacol 106 360-363... 

Lederer E, Adam A, Ciorbam R, Petit JF, Wietzerbin J. Cell walls of mycobacteria and related organisms chemistry and immunostimulant properties. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1975 7(2) 87-104. 

Immune system immunostimulating properties, role as super antigen change in the number and distribution of cells in the immime system (increase in the number of macrophages, decline in number of NK cells - natural killer cells) development of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis, hypothyroidism, fibromyalgia formation of antibodies against polymers [24, 31,45,48,60, 66-69]... 

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