Immunology 1 Innate Immunity

Gershwin, L.J., S. Krakowka and R.G. Olsen, 1995. Principles of immunology. Innate immunity. In L.L. Dimcan (ed.), Immunology and immunopathology of domestic animals. Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, Missouri, USA 3-5. 

In the specialized environment of secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen, dendritic cells provide the requirements for naive T-lymphocytes to become activated and to proliferate. The professional antigen-presenting cells present peptides in MHC II, express costimulatory molecules, and release cytokines into the immunological synapse, which is formed by the antigen-presenting cell and the naive T-lymphocyte. Thus, cells of innate immunity initiate and facilitate the activation of naive lymphocytes, and it is easily conceivable that their cytokines and adhesion molecules will instruct the naive T-lymphocyte during activation and differentiation to T-effector cells. 

Medzhitov, R. and Janeway, C.A. (1999) Innate immunity impact on the adaptive immune response. Current Opinion in Immunology 9, 4-9. 

Ulevitch, R.J. and Tobias, P.S. (1999) Recognition of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin by the innate immune system. Current Opinion in Immunology 11, 19-22. 

Rodent and human immunology has served to guide our understanding of the mammalian immune system, where the highly conserved innate immune system, and the more complex acquired or adaptive immune system, interact to protect the host from infection. 

The basal immunological mechanisms are complex but can now be analyzed with refined and more powerful laboratory methods, such as the microarray technique. With the help of this technique, additional information besides that concerning IgE and cytokine levels about the association between adaptive and innate immune response as well as other cellular responses can be gathered (6-8). 

Liszewski MK, Yokoyama WM, Atkinson JP. 2000. Innate immunity Innate immune cells. Immunology/Allergy, II Innate immunity, ACP Medicine, New York. 

Zaccone, P., Lehervari, Z., Jones, L.M., Sidobre, S., Kronenberg, M., Dunne, D.W. and Cooke, A. (2003) Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes. European Journal of Immunology 33, 1439-1449. 

Acquired immunity is antigen dependent and comprises all the specific immunological reactions associated with lymphocytes. In light of the existence of an antigen-specific defense system, a legitimate question arises as to why we have such an elaborate nonspecific immune system. One of the primary reasons may be that an acquired immune response takes time. For example, 5 days are needed to generate a primary antibody response, and the body must rely on the innate immune system to hold the infection in check during this time. As noted previously, acquired immunity can be subdivided into two effector arms, humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. The humor (i.e., a bodily fluid) associated with humoral immunity is the secreted form of Ig in the blood. The cells associated with cell-mediated immunity are the various subpopulations of T cells. 

Froicu, M. and Cantorna, M.T. (2007) Vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response to colonic injury. BMC Immunology, 8, 5. 

N. Inohara and G. Nunez, TSfods intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis, Nature Reviews Immunology, 3, 2003, 371-82 D. A. Jones and D. Takemoto, Plant innate immunity - direct and indirect recognition of general and specific pathogen-associated molecules, Current Opinion in Immunology, 16, 2004, 48-62. 

J. Cohn, G. Sessa and G. B. Martin, Innate immunity in plants, Current Opinion in Immunology, 13, 2001, 55-62. 

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