Immune response mechanisms

To analyze newly developed vaccines, it is of interest to study the pharmacological and immunostimulatory effects of the dehvery system (adjuvant) and to compare them to the effects of the combination between the adjuvant and the antigen of interest. This is accomplished by comparing three groups of mice (n = at least 6) Mice immunized with the vaccine (antigen formulated with adjuvant VAC) (to study efficacy aud type of immune response) mice administered with the adjuvant only ADJ) (to elucidate the contribution of the adjuvant on immune response, mechanism of action, and possible side effects) and nonimmunized mice (N). 

Vaccinations Do not give live vaccines concurrently with anakinra. No data are available on the secondary transmission of infections by live vaccines in patients receiving anakinra. Because anakinra interferes with normal immune response mechanisms to new antigens such as vaccines, vaccination may not be effective in... 

Kipper, M. J., Wilson, J. H., Wannemuehler, M. J., and Narasimhan, B. (2006), Single dose vaccine based on biodegradable polyanhydride microspheres can modulate immune response mechanism,/. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 76,798-810. 

In addition to a deep knowledge of immune response mechanisms, a rehable designing of implants needs to consider also timescale of the immune response. Indeed, there are three major timescales of the immune response hyperacute, acute, and chronic. While hyperacute response, typically connected to innate immunity, develops on the timescale of seconds to minutes, acute response is humoral mediated and occurs on the order of weeks, its intensity and appearance being highly dependent on whether exposure to antigen is the first exposure or a repeated exposure. Finally, chronic response is cell mediated and occurs in the order of months to years. 

The reason for the above inconsistency may be in the nature of the immune response mechanism itself. Initially, bacteria become established in the mouth, potentially leading to caries. The presence of the bacteria stimulates IgA production, which, in turn, potentially leads to a reduction in bacterial population and hence reduced caries. The anticipated association between high IgA levels and low caries appears to be most marked in young children [108-110], when initial infection with bacteria occurs. Conversely, high IgA levels were associated with high caries in two studies of adults [111, 112], in whom bacterial populations were presumably in a more equilibrium state. 

The mechanism of photoallergy is postulated in a similar fashion to the nonphoto-dynamic processes. The drug becomes attached to a protein by a free radical process, thereby creating a hapten that can lead to an immune response. It is presumed that the reason for the low incidence of photoallergic reactions is that the body s immune response mechanisms generally deactivate the hapten, or the oxygen present in the blood is able to scavenge the free radical intermediates. 

Allergies are mediated by a variety of immune responses and because of this, allergies are most commonly classified based on immune response mechanisms responsible for the allergic response. In 1963, Cell and Coombs divided allergic responses into four subtypes this classification remains virtually intact today (Table 13.2). 

Sheffy, B. E. and Schultz, R. D. (1978) Influence of Vitamin E and selenium on immune response mechanisms. Cornell Vet. 68 Suppl. 7 89-93. 

In 1971, levamisole, an anthelmintic compound widely used in catde and swine, was shown to improve the effects of an experimental Brucella abortus vaccine in mice. Since that time, the veterinarians and physicians have explored the effects of levamisole in such diverse areas as arthritis, lupus erythematosis, cancer therapy, respiratory diseases, Newcastle disease, foot-and-mouth disease, mastitis, and vaccine potentiation. Although the exact mechanism of action has as yet not been deterrnined there is substantial evidence that, under defined circumstances, levamisole can augment the animal s natural immune response (9). New immunostimulants include Staph Ijysate acemannon, NLAB-31. 

The mammalian and avian immune systems function similarly both incorporate humoral and cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms, " and are thought to share a 160m year old relationship with the reptilian immune system. The immune system of mammals shows sexual dimorphism " a greater immune response is normally observed in females, which has been attributed to differences in steroid hormone concentration. In the toad Bufo regularis, sexual dimorphism of the immune system is also apparent. ... 

The Th-1 /Th-2 paradigma forms a core mechanism regulating the nature of an immune response. More recently, this concept was further developed by identifying Th-subsets with predominantly suppressing properties, T-regulatory cells (Treg). These cells also play a major role in keeping those cells at rest, which have escaped central tolerance (peripheral self tolerance). 

---