Immune cells defense system

The first aspect of biocompatibility is a natural immune response. When a foreign object enters the blood stream, it can be attacked by the body s defense system. The first step is protein adsorption on an object surface. It is believed that the amount and type of protein adsorption is one of the most important steps determining whether the object is tolerated or rejected by the body. The next step is cell adhesion, which may cause aggregation and activation of platelets and triggering of the blood coagulation system with resulting thrombus formation. It may not only lead to sensor failure via surface blocking but directly threatens the patient s health. 

The presence of a certain number of amino acids is significant for the restitution of the immune system s cells, interferon synthesis process and other factors realization of the immune defense system. The decrease of full-form protein consumption is one of the causes of secondary immune-deficiency states. The significance of ascorbic acid presence for the immune system is supported by the fact that its concentration in the neutrophil granulocytes is 150 times higher than in the blood serum. The significance of retinol s and carotenoids role is supported in the cases of cell differentiation, where DNA synthesis increase, and proliferation decrease thus stabilizing the organism when under infection. 

Defense. The body uses both non-specific and specific mechanisms to defend itself against pathogens. The defense system includes the cells of the immune system and certain plasma proteins (see p. 294). 

Soluble antigen receptors, which are formed by activated B cells (plasma cells see p. 294) and released into the blood, are known as antibodies. They are also members of the immunoglobulin family (Ig see p. 296). Antibodies are an important part of the humoral immune defense system. They have no antimicrobial properties themselves, but support the cellular immune system in various ways ... 

Anaphylactic and serum sickness reactions to ALG and murine monoclonal antibodies have been observed and usually require cessation of therapy. Complexes of host antibodies with horse ALG may precipitate and localize in the glomeruli of the kidneys. Even more disturbing has been the development of histiocytic lymphomas in the buttock at the site of ALG injection. The incidence of lymphoma as well as other forms of cancer is increased in kidney transplant patients. It appears likely that part of the increased risk of cancer is related to the suppression of a normally potent defense system against oncogenic viruses or transformed cells. The preponderance of lymphoma in these cancer cases is thought to be related to the concurrence of chronic immune suppression with chronic low-level lymphocyte proliferation. 

One effector function/mode of action of mAbs is the so-called antibody-depen-dent cellular cytotoxicity . mAbs are able to activate this very important function of the human immune system. After several steps, immune cells will finally kill target cells, for example cancer cells. In general, ADCC is induced by unconjugated (also called naked ) mAbs or antibody fragments. They can either induce apoptosis, negative growth signals or indirectly activate host defense mechanisms [5]. 

The immune system is a network of different tools that protects the organism against diseases. The cells of these system are the white blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow that function as the defensive cells of the organisms. There are different immune cells that are involved in the innate or adaptive immunity. 

When a microscopic invader breaches the outer defenses of the body the immune system swings into action. This happens automatically. The molecular systems of the body, like the Star Wars anti-missile system that the military once planned, are robots designed to run on autopilot. Since the defense is automated, every step has to be accounted for by some mechanism. The first problem that the automated defense system has is how to recognize an invader. Bacterial cells have to be distinguished from blood cells viruses have to be distinguished from connective tissue. Unlike us, the immune system can t see, so it has to rely initially on something akin to a sense of touch. 

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