Imaging CT scans

Physical sensors (i) Thermal measurement (e.g. core body temperature, surface temperature mapping) (ii) mechanical measurement (e.g. non-invasive sphygmomanometer for blood pressure measurements, spirometer for determination of breathing and pulmonary function) (iii) acoustic measurement (e.g. ultrasound imaging, Doppler sonography for determination of blood flow) and (iv) radiation measurement (e.g. X-ray imaging, CT scanning). 

FIGURE 2.11 Matched diffusion and perfusion abnormalities. An early DWI image (a) shows an acute infarct in the left thalamus. An MTT map (b) shows a small perfusion abnormality that is no larger than the diffusion abnormality. When diffusion and perfusion lesions are matched, there is usually minimal if any infarct extension. Indeed, in this case, a follow-up CT scan (c) shows no enlargement of the infarct. 

Since functional outcome and risk of recurrent stroke are, in part, predictable based on the pathophysiologic subtype of stroke, the ability to accurately classify patients based on emergency clinical and imaging data would provide valuable predictive information. Unfortunately, misclassifications of stroke subtypes based on clinical data and a noncontrast CT scan are common. The final subtyping of stroke is made with all available clinical data, but is heavily influenced by neuroimaging studies that identify the location, size, and vascular distribution of the infarct, or that establish that the arteries supplying the region of stroke are stenotic or occluded. 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head will reveal areas of ischemia earlier and with better resolution than a CT scan. Some types of imaging can reveal an evolving infarct within minutes. 

Imaging studies also may help to identify anatomic localization of the infection. These studies usually are performed in conjunction with other tests to establish or rule out the presence of an infection. X-rays are performed commonly to establish the diagnosis of pneumonia, as well as the severity of disease (single versus multilobe involvement). CT scans are a type of x-ray that produces a three-dimensional image of the combination of soft tissue, bone, and blood vessels. In contrast, MRI use electromagnetic radio waves to produce two- or three-dimensional images of soft tissue and blood vessels with... 

MRI and CT scans may reveal fluid and gas along fascial planes. Typically, imaging studies are avoided when making a diagnosis... 

Radiologic scans x-rays, computed tomographic (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron-emission tomography (PET)... 

Efficacy Monitor CT scans or other imaging studies, and categorize patient with a complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), or progressive disease. 

Imaging Chest x-ray, chest CT scan, abdominal/pelvic CT scan PET scan or gallium scan may be used to confirm presence of active disease after treatment. 

Long-term follow-up monitors patients for continued disease remission or relapse with careful physical examination of the lymph nodes and sites of prior disease involvement and imaging studies. Patients will have routine chest x-rays and CT scans administered to screen for recurrence of disease. Patients require long-term monitoring for toxicities of their primary treatment, either chemotherapy or radiation therapy. 

Computed tomography (CT) scan A series of x-ray scans taken from different angles and then compiled by computer to show a cross-section of a body part of interest a method of body imaging that uses x-ray technology to create cross-sectional images of a person s body. 

Abdominal radiographs may be useful because free air in the abdomen (indicating intestinal perforation) or distension of the small or large bowel is often evident Ultrasound, CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging may be used to locate an abscess. 

Preliminary imaging studies (CT scan vascular imaging) were carried out in rabbits with P743 [25]. While the first-pass profiles of this compound and that of the control NS-CA were similar, enhancement was two times higher after recirculation in the case of P743 (both CA being injected at the same dose, 300 mgl kg in the latter case) [25]. 

Wise and Winkelmann (10, 11) demonstrated that micro-CT can be used to evaluate rat and rabbit fetuses from developmental toxicity studies. To show compatibility with traditional staining methods, fetuses were first evaluated in a micro-CT scan and then sectioned and stained for comparison of the two methodologies. As expected when comparing discrete techniques, minor differences in the results were observed, but it was concluded overall that micro-CT imaging can effectively be used to assess rat and rabbit fetal skeletal structures. 

Apparent advantages of micro-CT imaging include reduced time for skeletal evaluation and data interpretation, as well as reduced use of hazardous chemicals (12). Other advantages of micro-CT scanning include the ability to ... 

Fig. 1. Imaging of the developmental progress of the mouse axial skeleton by micro-CT can be achieved by serial endpoint harvest, (a) Partial ossification is observed in embryonic day 15 (El 5) specimen skeleton, (b) Rapid growth and ossification can be appreciated between E15 and Et 8 mouse specimens, (c) Postnatal specimens (PO) are also amenable to micro-CT scanning, (d) Eurther developmental stages from juvenile to adult (shown) can be imaged as well.

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