Ideologies

Ideology is commonly expressed in material form in aspects of ceremony (especially burial), public monuments, symbolic objects, and writing systems. Today, the Christian cross, the Jewish star, and the crescent of Islam are vivid symbols of ideology. The material expression of ideology is often used by those in power to reinforce their authority and dominion as a symbol of social power. Political propaganda is coimnonly rife with symbols of ideology. 

Ritual is ubiquitous in human society and a manifestation of ideology. Ritual usually involves symbolic, prescribed, and structured behaviors that are often repetitive in nature. Aspects of ritual behavior include animism, dance, divination, magic, music, mythology, rites of passage, sorcery and witchcraft, shamans and priests, taboos and totems. Ceremony and ritual usually involve information, artifacts, and architecture. Artifacts associated with various aspects of ritual behavior sometimes show up in the archaeological record. The term ritual is sometimes used to describe material remains that are not readily understood in terms of technology, organization, or economy. 

In the study of the past, however, it is difficult to distinguish the ideological from 

The preceding paragraphs describe a frame of enquiry for examining past human societies, a model of how archaeological cultures operate, and a perspective on some of the differences and changes that are present in the archaeological record. This frame reveals some of the information we would like to know about the past and some of the questions we can ask. For the most part, the questions raised in this chapter are the big questions about the nature of past human societies, about different kinds of economies that operated in the past, about different levels of social and political organization, and the role of the environment in human life. 

Richard A., and Michael Schiffer. 1981. Modem Material Culture The Archaeology of Us. New York City Academic Press. 

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The movement toward federal appliance efficiency standards stalled in the 1980s as the Reagan Administration, which opposed standards from an ideological perspective, began. That administration s approach was made evident by its refusal to finalize the DOE s 1980 standards proposal, and in 1983, by the issuance of a federal rule that determined that no standards were necessary. Both the delay and the no standard determination were challenged by NRDC, with the support of several large states, through the courts. 

But an ideological shift in Congress disrupted this process. In the 104th Congress, industrial opponents of appliance efficiency standards found sympathetic support, and passed a one-year moratorium on appliance efficiency standards in 1995. The moratorium held back DOE efforts on appliance standards for nearly two years. The refrigerator standard that was to be issued early in 1995 was delayed until 1997, and the effectiveness date set hack three years until 2001. Progress toward new standards on ballasts, water heaters, air conditioners, clothes washers, and other products was delayed. 

Because of the wide range of ideological leanings of various administrations, direct subsidies and federally funded research and development have fluctuated wildly since the late 1970s. In 1980 the United States spent 260 inillion on solar research and development, but then the amount fell to 38 million by 1990. Between 1990 and 1994 support doubled, reaching 78 million. 

Post, H. R. [1974] Against Ideologies , Inaugural Lecture, Chelsea College, London University,... 

It s a sentimental, not an ideological thing, Mr. Zaric said, referring to Tito. The guy was a great scamster. We have respect for that. ... 

Ozment, Stephen E., Mysticism and Dissent. Religious Ideology and Social Protest in the Sixteenth century (New Haven and London Yale University Press, 1973). 

Hill, Christopher. "Science and magic in seventeenth-century England." In Culture, ideology and politics essays for Eric Hobsbawm, eds. R. Samuel and Gareth Stedman Jones, 176-193., 1983. 

Jacob, J.R. The ideological origins of Robert Boyle s natural philosophy. J Europe Studs 2(1972) 1-21. 

Roper, Hugh Trevor-. Princes and artists. Patronage and ideology of four Habsburg courts. London , 1976. 

Bullock, A.W., ed.Images and ideologies Self-definition in the Hellenistic world. Berkeley (CA) Univ of California P, 1996. viii, 414 p. 

Also, as Canguilhem goes on to remind us (1988, p. 104), [S]cientific discoveries in one field, if degraded into ideologies, can impede theoretical work... 

Canguilhem, G. (1988), Ideology and Rationality in the History of the Life Sciences (Translated by Arthur Boldhammer), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 

Alex Rosenberg. This partly reflects the ideological split between Lewon-tin and some others with respect to the acceptance and the interpretation of molecular biology. The norm of reaction, as a concept, is closely associated with Lewontin, and as you point out both in your book and today, has an interesting Soviet pedigree. 

Armando Aranda What you say is actually deadly serious indeed, and I wonder whether the problem comes from the science and the scientists or is it the political and social system that then takes the science that is useful for its purposes Or is it an interactive situation, a certain attitude or ideology breeds a certain kind of science or do they feed back each other ... 

This often limited efficiency at many stages of the supply chain and increased cost. (See various papers in the special edition of Sociologia Ruralis 41(1) on Politics, ideology and practice of organic farming , and Kaltoft (1999).)... 

Michelsen J. (2001) Recent development and political acceptance of organic farming in Europe , Sociologia Ruralis, 41 (1) on Politics, Ideology and Practice of Organic Farming, 3-20. 

This definition completely coincides with the characteristic time of the probability evolution introduced in Ref. 32 from the geometrical consideration, when the characteristic scale of the evolution time was defined as the length of rectangle with the equal square, and the same definition was later used in Refs. 33-35. Similar ideology for the definition of the mean transition time was used in Ref. 30. Analogically to the MTT (5.4), the mean square d2(c,x, d) = (f2) of the transition time may also be defined as... 

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