Identification of carbon

Carbon in the forms of charcoal and soot must certainly have been known even to prehistoric races, and in Pliny s time the former was made, much as it is today, by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude the air (21). The recognition of carbon, the chief constituent of charcoal, as a chemical element, however, is much more recent. In an interesting article in Osiris, entitled The discovery of the element carbon, Theodore A. Wertime traced the development of this concept (276). In his opinion the identification of carbon as an element was worked out step by step by R.-A.-F. de Reaumur, H.-L. Duhamel du Monceau, Torbern Bergman, C. W. Scheele, C.-L. Berthollet, A.-L. Lavoisier, and others. 

Pestana H.R. (1977) Guide for the Identification of Carbonate Grains and Carbonate-Producing Organisms. Special Publications No. 13, Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Saint Georges, Bermuda, 53 pp. 

Identification of Carbon Sources and Sinks in Existing Tokamaks... 

Besides their use as criteria of purity, melting-point data are extensively used in the identification of carbon compounds. The melting point usually restricts the identification to a few com-poimds which have approximately the same melting point. For this purpose, melting-point curves of mixtures are used for ex-... 

Figure 2-2. Identification of carbon atoms in an organic q compound. Carbons may be numbered starting with...

Friedman, G.M. (1959) Identification of carbonate minerals by staining methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 28, 87-97. 

Rotundi, A. Rietmeijer, F.J.M. Colangeli, L. Mennella, V. Palumbo, P. Bussoletti, E. Identification of carbon forms in soot materials of astrophysical interest. Astron. Astrophys. 1998, 329, 1087-1096. 

For example the Identification of carbon contamination on an IC surface as a hydrocarbon was based on Its SIMS mass spectrum showing the C H cracking pattern typical of hydrocarbons (52). Both tne"type of Instrument used and the substrate on which the sample Is adsorbed can affect the cracking pattern obtained (12)< thus good standards are necessary for accurate compound Identification. 

C NMR was a reliable source of detection and identification of carbon nuclei in the saccharide molecule. However, greater quantities were requiredfor ID experiments as compared with H NMR spectroscopy and often extended periods for acquisition (sometimes 3 days) were required. The H- C heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC) was one experiment that allowed the assigiunent of carbon resonances, by correlation with their proton nuclei, and where smaller quantities were used. A conscious ID P NMR investigation quickly revealed the presence of phosphate or a 2-aminoethyl phosphate unit in the core OS. 2D H-3 P HMBC NMR spectroscopy was a reliable method for efficient detection and sometimes placement of the phosphate substituents. 

A Varian XLFT-100 Fourier Transform nmr Spectrometer interfaced with a Varian 620-L minicomputer with magnetic tape storage provided high-resolution, proton-decoupled spectra of natural abundance carbon-13 at 25.2 MHz. For identification of carbon peaks, chloroform-d solutions of surfactant (solubility about 20 wt%) were prepared. Chloroform-d also served for a deuterium field lock. Samples of surfactant in water or decane were placed... 

Kjersgard, I.V.H., Norrelykke, M.R., Baron, C.P., and lessen, F. 2006. Identification of carbon-ylated protein in frozen rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets and development of protein oxidation during frozen storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 9437-9446. 

Nanotube theoretical and experimental research has developed very rapidly over the last seven years, following the bulk production of C(jo and structural identification of carbon nanotubes in soot deposits formed during plasma arc experiments. This review summarises achievements in nanotube technology, in particular various routes to carbon nanotubes and their remarkable mechanical and conducting properties. The creation of novel nanotubules, nanowires and nanorods containing other elements such as B, N, Si, O, Mo, S and W is also reviewed. These advances are paving the way to nanoscale technology and promise to provide a wide spectrum of applications. 

Harney CS, Lestari W, Qiao P, Song G. Experimental damage identification of carbon/ epoxy composite beams using curvature mode shapes. Struct Health Monit Int J 2004 3(4) 333-53. 

Thus, it is apparent that active carbons, charcoals, carbon blacks, and carbon films before and after several different treatments such as oxidation, degassing, treatment with alkalies, adds, and methylation have been examined by different IR techniques, and meaningful results have been obtained, which help in the identification of carbon-oxygen surface groups. These results have been well reviewed. ... 

Scheme 5.2 Identification of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor by dynamic reductive amination.

The carbon compounds individuated and identified in carbon chemistry—the remaining stoichiometric plant and animal substances and the pure carbon compounds isolated from coal tar, as well as the artificial carbon compounds created in the laboratory—were nested in extended networks of experiments and work on paper. In the late 1840s, when the culture of carbon chemistry was firmly established, the individuation and identification of carbon compounds required quantitative elemental analysis, control of stoichiometric purity by studies of the chemical properties and reactions of a substance, experimental examination of their proximate components or constitution (later structure ), and work on paper with chemical formulae to demarcate the substances and to model their constitution and chemical reactions. Analysis of composition (qualitative and quantitative), control of purity, studies of reactions, and modeling on paper allowed chemists to draw ever more sophisticated... 

Arene oxidation leading to direct C—C bond formation allows rapid assembly of complex and ste-reochemically rich carbocyclic ring systems. Crucial to the success of this approach is the identification of carbon nucleophiles that are stable in the presence of oxidation agents typically used to effect arene dearomatization. Enolates and enol ethers are problematic as these species undergo rapid oxidation under mild conditions [62]. Stabilized enolates (such as those derived from activated methylenes) exhibit greater compatibility with oxidation conditions and have been used as nucleophilic participants in intramolecular oxidative dearomatizations initiated by [Fe(CN)g] and PIDA to afford spirocyclic cyclohexadienones [63, 64]. Detailed mechanisms for these reactions have not been defined so it is unclear whether bond formation occurs through ionic or radical intermediates. 

Welz, S. Identification of Carbon Allotropes in Carbide Derived Carbon Using Electron Microscopy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 2003. 

Hall, R. L., Vennesland, B. Kezdy, F. J. (1969). Glyoxylate carboligase of E. coli identification of carbon dioxide as the primary product. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244, 3991-8. 

The procedure is suitable for the identification of carbon suboxide when reacting with aniline, dianilide of oxalic acid is formed. Simple ketene gives acetanilide. 

The analysis of carbonaceous materials with spectroscopy takes on special importance because, without doubt, the study of the chemistry of carbon is more extensive than that of any other element. The strong sensitivity of NMR parameters to chemical state has long made NMR spectroscopy a favourite tool for analysis of organic materials. Early on, proton NMR spectroscopy was used to analyse materials, but with the development of ever-more-sensitive instrumentation, the NMR analysis of carbon in organic molecules has become the essential tool for identification of carbon-containing materials. 

Chang, I.S., et al., 1997. Isolation and identification of carbon monoxide utilizing anaerobe. Eubacterium limosum KIST612. Korean Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 25 (1), 1—8. 

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