Bergman. Torbern

Diels-Alder reaction of, 575 electrostatic potential map of, 576 evidence for, 575 structure of, 576 Bergman, Torbern, 2 Bergstrom, Sune K., 1068 Beta anomer, 984 Beta-carotene, structure of, 172 industrial synthesis of, 722 UV spectrum of, 504 Beta-diketone, 851... 

Bergman, Torbern, Opuscula physica et chemica, Vol. 2, 1. G. Muller,... 

Bergman, Torbern Olaf. Physical and Chemical Essays, Translated by Edmund Cullen. 2 vols. London, 1788. 

Bergman, Torbern. Disquisitio de Attractionibus Electivis. In K. Ventenskaps Societeten I Upsala. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis [2] 2, 1775,159-248 English edition Dissertation on Elective Attractions (New York and London Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968) abstract in Observations 13, 1778, 298-333. 

Bergman, Torbern. Opuscula physica et chemica, vol. Ill (Uppsala, 1783) A Dissertation on Elective Attractions (London J. Murray, 1785), reprinted with an introduction by A. M. Duncan (Frank Cass, 1970) Traite des Affinites chymiques, ou Attractions electives (Paris Buisson, 1788). 

Bergman, Torbern. Opuscules chymiques et physiques de M. T. Bergman, 2 vols. (Dijon L. N. Frantin, 1780 and 1785). 

Bergman, Torbern, ed. Chemical Lectures of H. T. Scheffer (Kluwer, 1992). Bergman, Torbern, Gote Carld, and Johan Nordstrom, eds. Torbern Bergmans Foreign Correspondence (Stockholm Lychnos-Bibliothek, 1965). 

Carbon in the forms of charcoal and soot must certainly have been known even to prehistoric races, and in Pliny s time the former was made, much as it is today, by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude the air (21). The recognition of carbon, the chief constituent of charcoal, as a chemical element, however, is much more recent. In an interesting article in Osiris, entitled The discovery of the element carbon, Theodore A. Wertime traced the development of this concept (276). In his opinion the identification of carbon as an element was worked out step by step by R.-A.-F. de Reaumur, H.-L. Duhamel du Monceau, Torbern Bergman, C. W. Scheele, C.-L. Berthollet, A.-L. Lavoisier, and others. 

P. J. Hjelm, Aminnelsetal ofver Herr T. O. Bergman, J. G. Lange, Stockholm, 1786, p. 99, Torbern Bergman and J. Arvidsson Afzelius, Dissertaho chemica de Niccolo Upsala, 1775. 

Hjelm, P. J., Aminnelse-tal ofver Herr Torbern Olof Bergman, J. G. Lange... 

Hooykaas, R., "Torbern Bergman s crystal theory, Lychnos, 1952, pp. 21-54. 

Vauquelin believed that Torbern Bergman s incorrect conclusions as to the chemical nature of the beryl had been caused by the unwillingness of his active mind to submit to the details of experiment. Thus Bergman, and Bindheim as well, had entrusted their analyses to young pupils who were incapable of distinguishing a new substance when they saw it. According to Bindheim s analysis, the beryl consisted of 64 per cent of silica, 27 per cent of alumina, 8 per cent of lime, and 2 per cent of iron (total 101 per cent) (23). 

In his Elective Attractions, Torbern Bergman stated emphatically that the so-called sedative salt is not a salt but an acid. The substance commonly called sedative salt, said he, is more nearly allied to acids than any other class of bodies. It reddens turnsole and saturates alkalis and soluble earths. It also dissolves various metals, and has other properties which shew its acid nature, and it seems better entitled to the name of acid of borax than to that of sedative salt (66). 

In spite of the seeming modernity of the opening statements, it is clear that Macquers commitment to tradition has led him to identify the observed products of analysis with the philosophical elements of old. What Macquer and many other chemists still lacked was a clear sense of a chemical substance. Certainly Macquer could not have had in mind the concept of substance or body like that defined by Torbern Bergman a few years later when he wrote, In general, any body which differs in properties from every other, and can be always had similar to itself, I consider as a separate and distinct body—... 

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