Electrostatic confinement

Also in 1950 Sakliarov and Tamm proposed an idea for a controlled thermonuclear fusion reactor, the TOKAMAK (acronym for the Russian phrase for toroidal chamber with magnetic coiF ), which achieved the highest ratio of output power to input power of any fusion device of the twentieth centuiy. This reactor grew out of interest in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction, since 1950. Sakharov first considered electrostatic confinement, but soon came to the idea of magnetic confinement. Tamm joined the effort with his work on particle motion in a magnetic field, including cyclotron motion, drifts, and magnetic surfaces. Sakharov and Tamm realized that... 

Alkhazov, G. D., Letokhov, V. S., Mishin, V. I., Panteleyev, V. N., Romanov, V. I., Sekatskii, S. K., and Fedoseyev, V. N. (1989). Highly effective Z-selective photoionization of atoms in hot metal cavity, followed by electrostatic confinement of ions. Journal of Technical Physics Letters, 15, 63-67. 

Electrification is the process of producing an electric charge on an object. If the charge is confined to the object it is said to be electrostatic. The term static electricity refers to accumulated, immobile, electrical charges in contrast to charges in rapid flow, which is the subject of electrodynamics. 

Sensitivity to Electrostatic Discharge. Thru 100 mesh material, confined 6.0 joules, unconfmed 0.025 joules (Ref 10)... 

Other particular theories are confined to diffusion-controlled reactions (109), to the so called cooperative processes (113), in which the reactivity depends on the previous state, or to resistance of semiconductors (102), while those operating with hydrogen bridges (131), steric factors (132), or electrostatic effects (133, 175) are capable of being generalized less or more. 

MPA-bridged SOD-electrode complex could be formed via a variety of interactions between MPA and the SODs, such as electrostatic, hydrophobic, and/or hydrogen bonding interactions, which is believed to be responsible for the observed direct electron transfer properties of the SODs. Besides, such interactions substantially enable the SODs to be stably confined at the MPA-modilied Au electrode, which can be further evident from the re-observation of the redox responses of SODs in a pure electrolyte solution containing no SOD with the MPA-modified electrode previously used in SOD solutions. 

C. Shen and N.M. Kostic. Kinetics of photoinduced electron-transfer reactions within sol-gel silica glass doped with zinc cytochrome c. Study of electrostatic effects in confined liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 1304-1312 (1997). 

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