Controlled thermonuclear fusion

Controlled thermonuclear fusion experiments and certain types of confined arcs known as pinches have temperatures in the 5 x 10 -10 K range. However, to be successhil, controlled thermonuclear fusion needs to take place from 6 x 10 -10 K. In fact, the goal of all fusion devices is to produce high ion temperatures in excess of the electron temperature (10). 

K. Bockasten and co-workers. Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion Research, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vieima, Austna, 1961. 

Also in 1950 Sakliarov and Tamm proposed an idea for a controlled thermonuclear fusion reactor, the TOKAMAK (acronym for the Russian phrase for toroidal chamber with magnetic coiF ), which achieved the highest ratio of output power to input power of any fusion device of the twentieth centuiy. This reactor grew out of interest in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction, since 1950. Sakharov first considered electrostatic confinement, but soon came to the idea of magnetic confinement. Tamm joined the effort with his work on particle motion in a magnetic field, including cyclotron motion, drifts, and magnetic surfaces. Sakharov and Tamm realized that... 

Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion. 4th , Israel Program for Scientific Translations (1966) 3) W.B. 

McCarthy, I. E. Stelbovics, A. T. In Theoretical Methods for Ionization in Atomic and Molecular Processes in Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion McDowell, M. R. C. Ferendeci, A. M., Eds. Plenum New York, 1980. 

A Status Report on Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, STU/PUB/872 International Fusion Research Council. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1990. 

With ITER we will obtain the proof of principle that the magnetic confinement concept allows to gain energy from controlled thermonuclear fusion processes. It is seen as the last step before a first power plant will be built. On this way some problems have still to be solved, in particular, a power plant has to operate continuously for months, rather than the pulsed operation in present tokamaks or in ITER with 8 minutes burn time. For long time operation two requirements are crucial ... 

D. Reiter Neutral gas transport in fusion devices. In Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Processes in Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, R.K. Janev, H.W. Drawin (Eds.), (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993)... 

He 6Li + n = He + T Li + T = 2 He + n (n -neutrons, coming from Pu in the second reaction). Since rhe explosion does not start by irself, there is no critical mass and no limit to the size of the bomb. If controlled thermonuclear fusions can be achieved, deuterium gas will become increasingly im portent-... 

Atomic Collision Processes in Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion Research,... 

The 4th Euratom FP consisted basically of two specific programmes, one on controlled thermonuclear fusion, the other on nuclear fission safety. The EURO 170.5 million for the indirect actions under the nuclear fission safety programme was spent mainly to finance research projects, but also on various accompanying measures and training schemes. Under... 

S. Putnam, V. Bailey, J. Benford, and T. S. T. Young, Proc. 7th Euro. Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, Lausanne, Vol. 1, 68 (1975). 

Controlled thermonuclear fusion work, including the ZETA experiment, was centred at Harwell until the late 1950s. Again, space restrictions at Harwell meant... 

The editorial also made two further points. One was that salaries at Harwell were good by comparison with the outside world and certainly in comparison with the universities. The second was that much of the work had been moved away from Harwell with the creation of the establishment at Winfrith and with the removal of the work on controlled thermonuclear fusion going to Culham. It also went on to say ... 

The search for controlled thermonuclear fusion might well be seen as the holy grail of nuclear research for the past 60 years, and despite the time and money that has been spent on it, the goal seems almost as remote now as it did when the quest first began. 

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