Capital and operating costs

Other apphcations include dewatering extremely fine (0.1 llm) laterite leach tailings (91). These pelletizing processes should be compared in flocculant consumption and operating and capital costs with belt-filter presses. 

Since power is a substantial component of the fixed operating cost of a unit, the operating cost would run approximately seven times more on a scrubber installation. The installation costs of a hot-rolled steel precipitator to handle 100,000 cfm would be between 3.50 and 4.50/cfm as opposed to 1.40 to 1.80/cfm for a venturi scrubbing system. Although the initial capital expenditure is high for the precipitator, if the total operating and capital costs are amortized over an acceptable period of time, 8 to 10 years, the precipitator will prove to be the. lore economically feasible choice because of its low operating and maintenance costs. 

In addition to these complexities, there may be other issues that need to be included in the analysis that are not readily included using the graphical approach. These might include forbidden matches (e.g. because a long pipe run may be necessary), compulsory matches (e.g. for operability) and capital cost issues (e.g. the cost of running pipes between operations). 

Although the initial capital expenditure is high for the precipitator, if the total operating and capital costs are amortized over 8 to 10 years, the precipitator will prove to be the more economically feasible choice because of its low operating and maintenance costs. 

An open cylindrical vessel is to be used to store 10 ft3 of liquid. The objective function for the sum of the operating and capital costs of the vessel is... 

The estimation of operating and capital costs is an important facet of process design and optimization. In the absence of firm bids or valid historical records, you can locate charts, tables, and equations that provide cost estimates from a wide variety of sources based on given values of the design variables. 

The abovementioned extraction techniques are more efficient than the Merill-Crowe process that was used until then [47], since they offer high recovery rates of precious metals in low grade solutions and low operational and capital costs [46]. 

To develop the engineering data to enable estimates of operating and capital costs of a process capable of producing approximately 30,000 lb (13,600 kg) of copper per day... 

In the optimization of the solvent extraction process for the recovery of copper using LIX 64N, Robinson [77] described the eost funetion in terms of the sum of the operating and capital costs. The operating eosts were taken as resulting from losses of eopper and solvent ... 

In the extraction of organic components, as will be shown, these three steps can all be equally important for costs of operating and capital costs. Design calculations cannot be made based on distribution coefficients alone. Thus, several cases have shown that the optimum economic approach was neither obvious nor anticipated in preliminary studies. 

As discussed briefly in Section 13.4, the operating reflux is an amount in excess of the minimum that ultimately should be established by an economic balance between operating and capital costs for the operation. In many cases, however, as stated there the assumptions R = 1.2Rm often is close to the optimum and is used without further study unless the installation is quite a large one. 

The calculations shown in Figure 11.18 assume that a hard vacuum is maintained on the permeate side of the membrane. The operating and capital costs of vacuum and compression equipment prohibit these conditions in practical systems. More realistically, a carrier facilitated process would be operated either with a compressed gas feed and atmospheric pressure on the permeate side of the membrane, or with an ambient-pressure feed gas and a vacuum of about 0.1 atm on the permeate side. By substitution of specific values for the feed and permeate pressures into Equation (11.19), the optimum values of the equilibrium constant can be calculated. A plot illustrating this calculation for compression and vacuum operation is shown in Figure 11.19. 

Concerns about an industrial use of microprocess technology are still existing [62]. Process chemists need to be familiarized with the new tool. Often it seems that these soft factors are even more relevant than the hard factors. Nonetheless, the performance of microprocess technology must show up a clear driver in the interplay of operating and capital costs of existing equipments and respective costs on the microflow processing side. 

As the operating and capital costs grow with V by an economic factor less than 1, a column with large V will always be profitable (Diwekar et al., 1989) and the problem becomes unbounded (also proven in Logsdon et al., 1990). Hence V is also fixed a priori. This leaves just N (the number of internal ideal separation stages or plates) as the only design variable to be optimised (UP = N ). Out of all possible operation decision variables, it is common to specify the mole fraction of key components in main-cuts and sometimes some recoveries or amounts for off-cuts. Assuming NSP such specifications are made, there are (NV + 1 - NSP) outer optimisation problem decision variables. 

A holistic approach to the selection of bioseparation equipment is vital, so that the unit operation is not considered in isolation, but in relation to the whole process, the facility or site where it will be located, the nature of the product, and the operating and capital costs. Only then can an informed decision be made to find the right balance between product quality and yield, processing costs and capital investment. 

Application Improved technology to produce highest quality phenol and acetone from cumene. Refined alpha methyl styrene (AMS) production is optional. High yield is achieved at low operating and capital costs without tar cracking. 

Operating and Capital Costs of South Lake Tahoe Carbon Adsorption System (1969-1970) ... 

OPERATING AND CAPITAL COSTS FOR SOURCE SEPARATION OF SOLID WASTE... 

Table 1 Economic factors in packed tower design operating and capital cost factors...

In conclusion of this section it has to be stated that most techniques presented above are developed for reducing fouhng of filtration systems. In the case of hquid membranes the problems with fouhng are less severe, nevertheless, they are exist and require additional studies. The majority of techniques is hydrodynamic and therefore involves additional energy input or some extra design feature. Thus in each case, there wiU be a trade-off between operating and capital cost. 

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