IAEA International Atomic technologies

Because variations in accurate isotope ratio measurements typically concern only a few parts per 1000 by mass and there are no universal absolute ratios, it is necessary to define some standards. For this purpose, samples of standard substances are produced and made available at two major centers IAEA (International Atomic Energy Authority, U.K.) and NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology, U.S.). Standards from other sources are also available. These primary standards can be used as such, or alternative standards can be employed if the primary ones are not available. However, any alternative standards need to be related accurately to the primary ones (see formulae below). For example, the material PDB (PeeDee belemnite), used particularly as a standard for the ratio of isotopes, is no longer readily available, and a new standard, VPDB,... 

Certified value bSO, reference soils from Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology NBS National Bureau of Standards, USA IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria... 

BCR = Commission of the European Communities, Community Bureau of Reference, Belgium. IAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency, Austria. NIES = National Institute of Environmental Science, Japan. ISS = Istituto Superiore di Sanita (National Institute of Health), Italy. NIST = National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA. AGAL = Australian Government Analytical Laboratory, Australia. NRCC = National Research Council of Canada, Canada. 

To address the technology, waste, safety and security issues concerning nuclear energy, the UN established the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957, a few years after U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower s famous Atoms for Peace speech before the United Nations General Assembly. 

Uranium Extraction Technology. Technical Reports Series No. 359, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna (1993). 

Advanced technologies for the treatment of low and intermediate level radioactive wastes, IAEA Technical Report, Series No. 370, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 1994. 

Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G., Radioactive solutions treatment by hybrid complexation—UF/NF process, J. Membr. Sci., 225, 25, 2003. International Atomic Energy Agency, Advances in Technologies for Treatment of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Liquid Wastes, Technical Report Series No. 370, IAEA, Vienna, 1994. 

International Atomic Energy Agency, Application of Membrane Technologies for Liquid Radioactive Waste Processing, Technical Report Series No. 431, IAEA, Vienna, 2004. 

Dual-use Lis a list of nuclear-related material, equipment, software, and related technology, that can have valid uses in both commercial and military applications, developed by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (see definition) and described in the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Information Circular (INFCIRC) 254 Part 2. 

The Advisory Group Meeting (AGM) on Propulsion Reactor Technologies for Civilian Applications was held in Obninsk, Russian Federation, 20-24 July 1998. The AGM was convened by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and was hosted by the Federal Scientific Centre, Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE). 

International Atomic Energy Agency, Review of the Factors Affecting the Selection and Implementation of Waste Management Technologies, IAEA-TECDOC-1096, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1999. 

Table 3 Representative certified reference materials for speciation analysis available from European Commission (BCR), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), and National Research Council Canada (NRCC)...

The ISO Council on Reference Materials (REMCO) has identified more than 170 RM producers worldwide for the various fields of analyses. Two main bodies - the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) and the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM, European Commission, Belgium), successor of BCR (which is now a trade mark for materials produced by IRMM) - cover several fields and ensure long-term availability of the CRMs due to the large batches of materials produced. Other producers specialize in a particular field of interest, e.g., the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC, Canada), the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, Japan), the IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory (Monaco), etc., specialize in marine analysis. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA, Austria) mainly provides materials for nuclear measurements but also supplies RMs for non-nuclear analyses. 

Today the concept of SMR is being developed using modern technologies with advanced safety systems. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) defines small as under 300 MWe IAEA also defines a medium-sized reactor as one up to 700 MWe. The driving... 

International Atomic Energy Agency, 2010, Nuclear Power Technology Development Common Technologies and Issues for Small and Medium Sized Reactors, IAEA, http //www.iaea.org/ NuclearPower/SMR/ (current as of September 22,2010). 

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