Nuclear measurements

Our research at Berkeley has resulted in the discovery of element 94, demonstration of the slow neutron fissiona-bility of its isotope 94239, discovery and demonstration of the slow neutron fissionability of U23 3, spontaneous fission measurements on these isotopes, discovery of 93237, isolation of and nuclear measurements on U23, study of the chemical properties and methods of chemical separation of element 94, demonstration of the presence of small concentrations of 94 in nature and much related information. 

CBNM Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements, Geel, Belgium, now IRMM... 

Miller, et al. Saw palmetto alters nuclear measurements reflecting DNA content in men with symptomatic BPH evidence for a possible molecular mechanism. Urology 2002 60(4) ... 

The plutonium solution concentration was determined by alpha counting 0.5-ml. aliquots evaporated to dryness on planchets. Gas flow internal proportional counting was used with 90% argon-10 % methane gas and Nuclear Measurement Corp. counters. 

In the expression for the isomer shift, the term [c — nuclear constant, which has been determined either by direct nuclear measurement or by the measurement of the isomer shift for compounds with known electronic structures (57). Ideally then, a measure of 8 provides a determination of 0S(O) 2, the latter related to the electronic structure as expressed, for example, by the occupation numbers of the various orbitals, e.g., 3d74s1 for metallic iron (Fig. 7) (52). In this manner, it is often possible to identify the oxidation state of the Mossbauer atom and to deduce information concerning the bonding of this atom to its surroundings. In some cases, different electronic structures may have similar values of 0S(O) 2 (the low-spin Fe2+ and Fe3+ pair is an example), and electronic structure information from Mossbauer spectroscopy is most... 

The status of these values emphasizes the importance of the observation that simply because data exist whose quoted precision is quite adequate for certain (indeed many) purposes it cannot be assumed that there is no need for further measurements. While it is highly unlikely that any changes in these two half-life values which result from the eventual resolution of these above-mentioned discrepancies will significantly affect basic nuclear physics, these discrepancies nonetheless present serious problems for many reactor-related nuclear-measurement efforts. 

VAN83]. R. Vaninbroukx and A. Lorenz, in Nuclear Data Standards for Nuclear Measurements, IAEA Technical Reports Series, No. 227 (IAEA, Vienna, 1983) pp. 69-70. 

These workers observed the generation of neutrons and tritium from electrochemically compressed D+ in a Pd cathode. Their study has stimulated a variety of calorimetric and nuclear measurements. However, the occurrence of the phenomena is sporadic and appears unreproducible on a consistent basis. Therefore a pessimistic view of cold fusion must be taken with respect to the possibility of future energy production. 

The preparation of the material was carried out by the Macauley Land Use Research Institute in Aberdeen (United Kingdom) and the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements in Geel (Belgium). The homogeneity has been verified by the CNRS, Service... 

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (formerly Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements), Commission of the European Communities - JRC, B-2440 Gee/, Belgium... 

The ISO Council on Reference Materials (REMCO) has identified more than 170 RM producers worldwide for the various fields of analyses. Two main bodies - the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) and the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM, European Commission, Belgium), successor of BCR (which is now a trade mark for materials produced by IRMM) - cover several fields and ensure long-term availability of the CRMs due to the large batches of materials produced. Other producers specialize in a particular field of interest, e.g., the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC, Canada), the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, Japan), the IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory (Monaco), etc., specialize in marine analysis. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA, Austria) mainly provides materials for nuclear measurements but also supplies RMs for non-nuclear analyses. 

The connection between the exponential law and some of the special distributions - binomial, Poisson, and exponential - will be detailed later in Chap. 9, Stochastics and Nuclear Measurements. However, a simple illustration of the stochastic features will also be given here. ... 

In practice one uses the quantity —dE/dx)Axy the mean energy loss in a layer of Ax thickness. For finite Ax there will be fluctuations in the actual values, the distrihution will he skewed toward higher values (Landau tail, Landau 1944) and only for thick layers (—dE/dx Ax) will the distribution he Gaussian (see Sect. 9.3.6 in Chap. 9 on the Stochastics and Nuclear Measurements ). 

Abstract The term stochastics in the title roughly translates into random features. So it refers to anything related to probability theory, statistics, and, of course, stochastic processes. Some of the facts of probability and statistics, including special distributions relevant to nuclear measurements, have been summarized. Examples of the nuclear applications of stochastic processes have also been given. A separate section has been devoted to the analysis of nuclear spectra. 

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