Hypocholesterolaemic

Carew, T.E., Schwenke, D.C. and Steinberg, D. (1987). Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolaemic effect evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbit. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7725-7729. 

Muristerone A Inducible gene transcription Hypoglycemic, anabolic, hypocholesterolaemic... 

Howard, A. N. and Marks, J. 1977. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of milk (letter). Lancet 2, 255-256. 

Watson NS and Procopiou PA (1996) Squalene synthase inhibitors their potential as hypocholesterolaemic agents. Prog Med Chem 33, 331-378. 

The discovery of the hypocholesterolaemic properties of probucol or DL-581 [4.4-(isopropylidene-dithio)bis(2.6-di-t-butyl-phenol)] led to a structure-activity study among related compounds75. The result of this study was the selection of DL... 

Aro, A., Uusitupa, M., Voutilainen, E., Hersio, K., Korhonen, T. and Siitonen, O. 1981. Improved diabetic control and hypocholesterolaemic effect induced by long-term dietary supplementation with guar gum in type 2 (insulin independent) diabetes,... 

Agerbaek M, Gerdes LU, Richelsen B (1995) Hypocholesterolaemic effect of a new fermented milk product in healthy middle-aged men. Eur J Clin Nutr 49 346-352 Agerholm-Larsen L, Raben A, Haulrik N, Haulrik N, Hansen AS, Manders M, Astrup A (2000) Effect of 8 week intake of probiotic milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Eur J cun Nutr 54 288-297... 

In addition to anticancer effects, tocotrienol-rich fractions of palm oil have hypocholesterolaemic effects in humans and offer protection against heart diseases (Qureshi el al. 1991 Serbinova el al. 1993). Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols in the degree of saturation of the side chains the prenyl side chain is considered to be responsible for the differential membrane distribution and metabolism of tocotrienols in comparison to tocopherols. Full investigations into the role and mechanisms of each tocotrienol and their interactions with other minor components, such as carotenoids, in inhibiting cancer development, as well as conferring protection against other age-related diseases, are now important areas of research. 

Based on the same hypothesis. Hammock et al. (1978) bioassayed analogues of the hypocholesterolaemic agent ethyl a-(4-chlorophenoxy)-a-methylpropionate (clofibrate, 106), tested earlier by Matolcsy et al. (1974a, 1974b), and fouhd that the acute symptoms on the test insects were similar to those induced by precocene II (74). 

The saponin fraction of S. officinalis has shown antiinflammatory activity in vitro against carrageenan-induced rat-paw oedema and inhibited prostaglandin synthetase [49]. Purified saponins have been recently shown to possess hypocholesterolaemic effects in vivo, which is believed to be due to the ability of the saponin to form an insoluble complex with cholesterol, preventing its absorption from the small intestine [50]. The saponins also demonstrated spermicidal activity, which may come from their hemolytic property [51]. 

A report suggests that the hypocholesterolaemic effect of colestipol is unaffected in insulin-treated diabetics but it may be ineffective in those taking phenformin and sulphonylureas. Diabetic control was not affected. Colestyramine may enhance the effect of acarbose, and insulin levels may rebound if both drugs are stopped at the same time. There is evidence that the absorption of glipizide may be reduced by about 30% if it is taken at the same time as colestyramine, but tolbutamide does not appear to be affected. 

The concurrent use of phenformin and a sulphonylurea (chlorpropamide, tolbutamide or tolazamide) inhibited the normal hypocholesterolaemic effects of the colestipol in 12 diabetics with elevated serum cholesterol levels. No such antagonism was seen in two patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin. The control of diabetes was not affected by the colestipol. ... 

Recently, there have been two extensive reviews of the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. Hoffman and Forster (1981) discussed the influence of dietary linoleic acid on blood pressure regulation-particularly in relation to salt-loaded individuals. In addition, the mechanism of the hypochol-esterolaemic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids was discussed by Paul et aL (1980). These authors classified the hypocholesterolaemic effect as being due to reduced absorption of cholesterol, redistribution of cholesterol from blood to tissues, reduced cholesterol synthesis and increased excretion of cholesterol or its catabolites. These various factors have all been involved in the hypocholesterolaemic effect but the evidence is equivocal in each case. Other sources of information on dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids are Vergroesen (1975) and Kunau and Holman (1977). 

A normal minor constit. of mammalian urine Present in apples and grapefruit. Inexpensive starting material for industrial and laboratory synthesis, e.g. of biodegradable detergents. Used by glu-curonyl transferase in glucuronidation pathway in mammals Shows antitumour and hypocholesterolaemic props. V. sol. H2O. 

Lamer AJ (1995) How does garlic exert its hypocholesterolaemic action The tellinium hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 44(4) 295-297... 

Cholesterol represses synthesis of the LDL receptor, so that when there is an adequate amount of cholesterol in the liver less LDL will be cleared. The hypocholesterolaemic statin drugs both inhibit cholesterol synthesis and also increase clearance of LDL, because there is now less repression of receptor synthesis. 

Plant sterols (such as P-sitosterol, which differs from cholesterol in the structure of the side-chain) and stands (which differ from sterols in having a saturated B-ring see Figure 4.13) inhibit the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine. As discussed in section 4.3.2.1, in addition to about 500 mg of dietary cholesterol, about 2 g of cholesterol is secreted each day in the bile. Almost all of this is normally reabsorbed any inhibition of cholesterol absorption is therefore likely to have a more marked hypocholesterolaemic effect than might be expected simply by considering the dietary intake. A number of products, such as margarine, yoghurts and cream, that contain plant sterols and/or stand esters have been marketed. 

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