Hypochlorite sodium hydroxide

Background Commercially available bleaching solutions contain NaOCl, sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hydroxide is reacted with chlorine gas to produce the hypochlorite ion, OCF. 

TNT, Benzene, Methanol, Sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hydroxide... 

Nitric acid. Sulfuric acid. Sorbitol, Ethanol, Sodium carbonate TNT, Benzene, Methanol, Sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hydroxide... 

In the pulp and paper industry, in the specific area of pulp bleaching, there is widespread utilization of GRP materials. They provide corrosion-resistant containment for the pulp and for the bleaching chemicals they contain. When pulp is bleached chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide and chlorine are typically being used, and it is for the... 

Beijing No 2 Chemical Co founded in 1997 has 3333 employees and is one of the important production bases of chemical raw materials in China. Its major products are sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide and liquid chlorine. The company also produces polyvinyl chloride... 

It is prepared by the action of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite on phthalimide (Hofmann reaction). When heated with soda lime it gives aniline. 

IODOFORM FROM ACETONE. (Semi-micro Scale.) Required Acetone, 0 5 ml. 10% potassium iodide solution, 20 ml. 10% sodium hydroxide solution, 8 ml. zM sodium hypochlorite solution, 20 ml. 

Place 0 5 ml. of acetone, 20 ml. of 10% aqueous potassium iodide solution and 8 ml. of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in a 50 ml. conical flask, and then add 20 ml. of a freshly prepared molar solution of sodium hypochlorite. Well mix the contents of the flask, when the yellow iodoform will begin to separate almost immediately allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes, and then filter at the pump, wash with cold w ater, and drain thoroughly. Yield of Crude material, 1 4 g. Recrystallise the crude iodoform from methylated spirit. For this purpose, place the crude material in a 50 ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux water-condenser, add a small quantity of methylated spirit, and heat to boiling on a water-bath then add more methylated spirit cautiously down the condenser until all the iodoform has dissolved. Filter the hot solution through a fluted filter-paper directly into a small beaker or conical flask, and then cool in ice-water. The iodoform rapidly crystallises. Filter at the pump, drain thoroughly and dry. 

Hoffman Degradation. Polyacrylamide reacts with alkaline sodium hypochlorite [7681-52-9], NaOCl, or calcium hypochlorite [7778-54-3], Ca(OCl)2, to form a polymer with primary amine groups (58). Optimum conditions for the reaction include a slight molar excess of sodium hypochlorite, a large excess of sodium hydroxide, and low temperature (59). Cross-linking sometimes occurs if the polymer concentration is high. High temperatures can result in chain scission. 

The reactor effluent, containing 1—2% hydrazine, ammonia, sodium chloride, and water, is preheated and sent to the ammonia recovery system, which consists of two columns. In the first column, ammonia goes overhead under pressure and recycles to the anhydrous ammonia storage tank. In the second column, some water and final traces of ammonia are removed overhead. The bottoms from this column, consisting of water, sodium chloride, and hydrazine, are sent to an evaporating crystallizer where sodium chloride (and the slight excess of sodium hydroxide) is removed from the system as a soHd. Vapors from the crystallizer flow to the hydrate column where water is removed overhead. The bottom stream from this column is close to the hydrazine—water azeotrope composition. Standard materials of constmction may be used for handling chlorine, caustic, and sodium hypochlorite. For all surfaces in contact with hydrazine, however, the preferred material of constmction is 304 L stainless steel. 

Other recovery methods have been used (10). These include leaching ores and concentrates using sodium sulfide [1313-82-2] and sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] and subsequentiy precipitating with aluminum [7429-90-3], or by electrolysis (11). In another process, the mercury in the ore is dissolved by a sodium hypochlorite [7681-52-9] solution, the mercury-laden solution is then passed through activated carbon [7440-44-0] to absorb the mercury, and the activated carbon heated to produce mercury metal. Mercury can be extracted from cinnabar by electrooxidation (12,13). 

Starch oxidation was investigated as early as 1829 by Liebig. The objective, as with other modifications, was to obtain a modified granular starch. The oxidant commonly employed is sodium hypochlorite, prepared from chlorine and aqueous sodium hydroxide. This reaction is exothermic and external cooling must be provided during preparation of the oxidant. 

Diacetone-L-sorbose (DAS) is oxidized at elevated temperatures in dilute sodium hydroxide in the presence of a catalyst (nickel chloride for bleach or palladium on carbon for air) or by electrolytic methods. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is worked up by acidification to 2,3 4,6-bis-0-isoptopyhdene-2-oxo-L-gulonic acid (2,3 4,6-diacetone-2-keto-L-gulonic acid) (DAG), which is isolated through filtration, washing, and drying. With sodium hypochlorite/nickel chloride, the reported DAG yields ate >90% (65). The oxidation with air has been reported, and a practical process was developed with palladium—carbon or platinum—carbon as catalyst (66,67). The electrolytic oxidation with nickel salts as the catalyst has also... 

Chemical Treatment. Some organic compounds are attacked by chemical reagents such as potassium permanganate, sodium hydroxide, calcium hypochlorite, and o2one (29,30). 

Sodium Hypochlorite. The principal form of hypochlorite produced is sodium hypochlorite [7681-52-9] NaOCl. It is invariably made and used as an aqueous solution and is usually prepared by the chlorination of sodium hydroxide solutions as shown in equation 9, though other bases such as sodium carbonate can be used (30). 

The only known stable soHd neutral hypochlorites are those of lithium, calcium, strontium [14674-76-17, and barium [13477-10-6]. Calcium also forms two stable basic hypochlorites (calcium hydroxide hypochlorites) Ca(OCl)2 0.5Ca(OH)2 [62974-42-9] and Ca(OCl)2 2Ca(OH)2 [12394-14-8], Sodium hypochlorite [7681-52-9] does not have good stabiHty. Potassium hypochlorite [7778-66-7] exists only in solution. Attempts to isolate the soHd have... 

Almost 40 years later the Lummus Co. patented an integrated process involving the addition of chlorine along with the sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide from the cathode side of an electrolytic cell to a tertiary alcohol such as tertiary butanol to produce the tertiary alkyl hypochlorite. The hypochlorite phase separates, and the aqueous brine solution is returned to the electrolytic cells. The alkyl hypochlorite reacts with an olefin in the presence of water to produce a chlorohydrin and the tertiary alcohol, which is returned to the chlorinator. With propylene, a selectivity to the chlorohydrin of better than 96% is reported (52). A series of other patents covering this technology appeared during the 1980s (53—56). 

Sodium hypochlorite hy action of chlorine on aqueous sodium hydroxide Ammonium nitrate hy action of ammonia on aqueous nitric acid Nitric acid hy absorption of nitric oxide in water... 

In a 3-I. flask are placed a solution of 184 g. (4.6 moles) of sodium hydroxide in 300-400 cc. of water and sufficient ice to make the total volume about 1500 cc. Chlorine is passed into the solution, keeping the temperature below 0° by means of a salt-ice bath, until the solution is neutral to litmus (Note i). After the addition of a solution of 34 g. of sodium hydroxide in 50 cc. of water, the flask is supported by a clamp and equipped with a thermometer and an efficient stirrer. The solution is warmed to 55°, and 85 g. (0.5 mole) of methyl d-naphthyl ketone (Note 2) is added. The mixture is vigorously stirred and, after the exothermic reaction commences, the temperature is kept at 60-70° (Note 3) by frequent cooling in an ice bath until the temperature no longer tends to rise. This requires thirty to forty minutes. The solution is stirred for thirty minutes longer and then the excess hypochlorite is destroyed by adding a solution of 50 g. of sodium bisulfite in 200 cc. of water (Note 4). After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture is transferred to a 4-I. beaker and carefully acidified with 200 cc. 

SODIUM HYDROXIDE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM METABISULFITE SODIUM METHOXIDE... 

Hydroxy- 6-diazoandrost-5-en- l-one (96) To a stirred solution of 750 ml of methanol and 144 ml of 5 A sodium hydroxide is added 36 g (0.114 mole) of oximino ketone. Concentrated aqueous ammonia (56.6 ml, 0.850 mole) is then added followed by dropwise addition of 265 ml of cold 3 M sodium hypochlorite at a rate sufficient to maintain the temperature of the exothermic reaction mixture at 20 + 1° while cooling with an external ice bath. At temperatures below 20° appreciable amounts of a-mono- and a-dichloro ketones are obtained above 20° the chloramine decomposes before reacting with the oximino ketone. As soon as all of the sodium hypochlorite has been added, the ice bath is removed and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature with continued stirring for 6 hr. The reaction mixture is diluted with an equal volume of water and extracted twice with... 

It is therefore not unexpected to find a similar effect in a heterocycle fused to a benzene ring. Reaction of the substituted benzothiazole, 71, with sodium hypochlorite in a mixture of sodium hydroxide and ammonia affords the sulfenamide, 72, probably by the intermediacy of the sulfenyl chloride. 

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