Hypersensitivities allergic sensitization

CN may cause primary irritant dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis by delayed hypersensitivity. After sensitization, acute exposure to CN causes itching, erythema, edema, vesiculation, purpura, and necrosis.28 Jolly and Carpenter reported that an accidental discharge of a pen gun resulted in erythema and edema 24 h later the patient had been exposed to CN 5 yr earlier. Queen and Stander reported severe reactions to CN 17 yr after a first exposure to the agent. 

Shear NH, Spielberg SP, Cannon M, Miller M (1988) Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome in vitro risk assessment. J Clin Invest 82 1826-1832 Strachan DP, Wong HI, Spector TD (2001) Concordance and interrelationship of atopic diseases and markers of allergic sensitization among adult female twins. J Allergy Clin Immunol... 

The production of antibodies known as IgE and a series of interactions between various cell types and chemical mediators are known to be involved in most confirmed cases of food allergy. This type of IgE-mediated allergy or type I hypersensitivity reaction produces immediate symptoms, the most severe form being anaphylaxis. Other immediate symptoms, such as rhinitis, urticaria, and other affections of the mouth, gut, skin, and respiratory tract, may precede anaphylaxis or occur alone as a less severe manifestation. These reactions would be considered as immediate hypersensitivities. Any food that contains protein has the potential to elicit such allergic sensitization. More than 170 different foods have been documented to be responsible for eliciting immediate hypersensitivities (Taylor, 2000). 

Maibach HI (1971) Allergic sensitization potential (Draize test) in man of several preservatives. Contact Dermatitis Newslett 9 213 Maibach HI (1975a) Acute laryngeal obstruction presumed secondary to thiomersal (mer-thiolate) delayed hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 1 221-222 Maibach HI (1975 b) Glutaraldehyde cross reactions to formaldehyde. Contact Dermatitis 1 326-327... 

Ros A, Juhlin L, Michaelsson G (1976) A follow up study of patients with recurrent urticaria and hypersensitivity to aspirin benzoates and azo dye. Br J Dermatol 95 19-24 Schreiber MM, Naylor LZ (1962) Antihistamine photosensitivity. Arch Dermatol 86 58-62 Sidi E, Hincky M, Gervais M (1955) Allergic sensitization and photosensitization to phener-gan cream. J Invest Dermatol 24 345-352... 

The true incidence of allergic sensitization due to cephalosporins alone is difficult to assess, since in most patients treated with cephalosporins, the immune status for penicillin sensitivity before treatment is not objectively known and assessed. The general clinical impression is that in patients sensitized to benzyl-penicillin, overt allergic clinical reactions do not occur in more than 10%-20% of those subsequently treated with cephalosporins. The rate of adverse reactions may, however, be higher than suspected. In healthy volunteers given cephalothin and ce-phapirin intravenously, an unexpectedly high rate of reactions was experienced, and five patients developed skin hypersensitivity detected by skin test with PPL. 

In both clinical and research areas of NMBD hypersensitivity, much of the difficulty in interpreting and explaining results of IgE recognition studies stems from our lack of information on the precise specificity(ies) of the preexisting antibodies found in the sera of patients exhibiting allergic sensitivity to the drugs. These IgE antibodies... 

Sensitizer A sensitizer is defined by OSHA as "a chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical." The condition of being sensitized to a chemical is also called chemical hypersensitivity. Certain chemicals have no immediate health effect. But if you are exposed to them several times, they can make you allergic or sensitive to other chemicals. A classic example is formaldehyde (HCHO). Typical reactions to sensitizers can include skin disorders such as eczema. When working with sensitizers, always use proper protective equipment such as gloves, respirators, etc. Once you are sensitized to a particular chemical, even minute amounts will cause symptoms. Sensitization is usually a lifelong effect. 

The NSAIDs are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity. There is a cross-sensitivity to other NSAIDs. Therefore, if a patient is allergic to one NSAID, there is an increased risk of an allergic reaction with any other NSAID. Hypersensitivity to aspirin is a contraindication for all NSAIDs. In general, the NSAIDs are contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy and during lactation. 

The thiazide diuretics are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the thiazides or related diuretics, electrolyte imbalances, renal decompensation, hepatic coma, or anuria. A cross-sensitivity reaction may occur with the thiazides and sulfonamides. Some of the thiazide diuretics contain tartrazine, which may cause allergic-type reactions or bronchial asthma in individuals sensitive to tartrazine. 

The most common clinical picture of non-immediate RCM reactions is a macu-lopapular exanthema, which resembles other drug-induced T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. The reported onset of skin eruptions 2-10 days after the first exposure to a RCM and 1-2 days after re-exposure to the same substance is typical for an allergic drug reaction with a sensitization phase. 

Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.30 Upon initial exposure, a substance penetrates the skin, binds to a protein and develops into sensitizing antigens. Subsequent exposures to that substance will then elicit an allergic reaction.25,29,30 Symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis are similar to those of the irritant type, but may take several hours to several days to develop following re-exposure.25,26... 

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