Hygienic practices

Toxicity Data on Af- Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidinone. Results of a chronic inhalation study in rats warrant a review of industrial hygiene practices to assure that VP vapor concentrations are maintained at a safe level. One of the manufacturers, ISP, recommends that an appropriate workplace exposure limit be set at 0.1 ppm (vapor) (9). Additionally, normal hygienic practices and precautions are recommended, such as prompt removal from skin and avoidance of ingestion. In case of accidental eye contact, immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention. Refer to the manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheets for more detailed information. Table 3 provides some toxicity data. 

The relationship between workplace exposure to airborne asbestos fibers and respiratory diseases is one of the most widely studied subjects of modern epidemiology (37—39). Asbestos-related health concerns were first raised at the beginning of the century in the UK and the latter appears to have been the first country to regulate the asbestos-user industry (40). However, at that time, infectious respiratory diseases were a much greater concern than those arising from poor industrial hygiene practices. 

Elemental boron is used in very diverse industries from metallurgy (qv) to electronics. Other areas of appHcation include ceramics (qv), propulsion, pyrotechnics, and nuclear chemistry. Boron is nontoxic. Workplace hygienic practices, however, include a voiding the breathing of boron dust or fine powder. 

Control measures such as engineering controls, work practices, hygienic practices or personal protective equipment required ... 

Tile standard requires tlie preparer to describe tlie precautions for safe handling and use. Tliese include recommended industrial hygiene practices, precautions to be taken during repair and maintenance of equipment, and procedures for cleaning up spills and leaks. Some manufacturers also use Uiis section to include useful itiformation not specifically required by the standard, such as EPA waste disposal tnethods and state atid local requiretnents. 

Surgeoner, B. V., Chapman, B. J., and Powell, D. A. (2009). University students hand hygiene practice during a gastrointestinal outbreak in residence What they say they do and what they actually do. /. Environ. Health 72,24-28. 

Codex Alimentarius Commission, WHO/FAO (2003), Code of Hygienic Practices for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, CAC/RCP 53. 

The spread of HAV can be best controlled by avoiding exposure. The most important measures to avoid exposure include good hand-washing techniques and good personal hygiene practices. 

Other Protective Clothing or Equipment Work/Hygienic Practices... 

As indicated in Section 2.3.2.1, occupational exposure studies have shown that chlordecone is absorbed and distributed to various tissues and has a long retention time in the body (Cannon et al. 1978 Cohn et al. 1978 Taylor 1982, 1985). Because of the poor hygiene practices at the workplace studied, ingestion of the chlordecone was also likely by the workers in these studies. For a more complete discussion of the distribution of chlordecone after occupational exposure see Section 2.3.2.1. 

This emotion protects us from toxins (Rozin et al., 1993), and may be the main emotional explanation for hygienic practices. It is present from birth (Steiner, 1979). The overt behaviors range from avoidance of the stimulus to ejecting it from the mouth, throat or stomach. Associations between a stimulus that elicits disgust are easy to acquire and hard to extinguish (Rozin et al., 1993). Nature seems to protect us indefinitely from any stimulus that was potentially harmful in the past. 

Is ventilation prone to fail with possible toxic exposure Specify where. 5. Are storage practices likely to generate toxic exposure Specify where. 6. Are distribution practices likely to generate toxic exposure Specify where. 7. Are housekeeping and hygiene practices likely to generate toxic exposure Specify. ... 

Acute Phase Treatment. Hypnotic medications are useful for short-term treatment of insomnia, but they should always be accompanied by behavioral and psychoeducational treatments, including a review of good sleep hygiene practices. It may also include more aggressive measures such as relaxation training, sleep restriction therapy, and stimulus control therapy. 

Children are exposed to 1,4-di chlorobenzene in many of the same ways that adults are. There is a possibility that 1,4-di chlorobenzene used in the home can be accidentally swallowed, especially by young children. When 1,4-di chlorobenzene is used in mothballs or toilet bowl deodorant blocks, these products may be freely available in closets or bathrooms. Although most of the exposure pathways for children are the same as those for adults, children may be at a higher risk of exposure because of their lack of consistent hygiene practices and their curiosity about unknown powders and liquids. 

The following terms of measurement are commonly used in toxicological testing and in industrial hygiene practice ... 

Whether or not chlorothalonil is a true dermal sensitizer in humans or strictly a skin irritant remains controversial. Some investigators suggest that repeated exposure results in an enhanced irritant response, whereas others suggest that it is a potent contact allergen. It is noted that relatively few cases of allergy to chlorothalonil have been reported despite widespread use for over 20 years. Furthermore, at a plant that produces the chemical cases of work-related contact dermatitis have not been reported for years after adoption of good hygienic practices. ... 

The skin barrier properties and effect of hand hygiene practices are known to be important in protecting the body. The average adult has a skin area of about 1.75 m2. The superficial part of the skin, the epidermis, has five layers. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer, is composed of flattened dead cells (comeocytes or squames) attached to each other to form a tough, homy layer of keratin mixed with several lipids, which help maintain the hydration, pliability, and barrier effectiveness of the skin. This part of skin has been compared to a wall of bricks (comeocytes) and mortar (lipids) and serves as the primary protective barrier. Approximately 15 layers make up the stratum corneum, which is completely replaced every 2 weeks a new layer is formed almost daily. From healthy skin, approximately 107 particles are disseminated into the air each day, and 10% of these skin squames contain viable bacteria. This is a source of major dirt inside the house and contributes to many interactions. 

Some evidence indicates that long-term use of topical antimicrobial agents may alter skin flora. Water content, humidity, pH, intracellular lipids, and rates of shedding help retain the protective barrier properties of the skin. When the barrier is compromised (e.g., by hand hygiene practices such as scrubbing), skin dryness, irritation, cracking, and other problems may result. Although the palmar surface of the hand has twice as many cell layers and the cells are >30 times thicker than on the rest of the skin, palms are quite permeable to water. 

Cralley L.J., Cralley L.V. (eds) Patty s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volume III Theory and Rationale of Industrial Hygiene Practice. 2nd ed., 3A The Work Environment. Wiley, New York (1985)... 

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