Hydrolysis copper sulfate

Copper sulfate is by far the most common algicide. Other copper-containing algicides for use in domestic appHcations such as swimming pools are usually chelated to prevent hydrolysis and precipitation of the copper. 

Fischer then synthesized a number of di-and tripeptides and showed that their properties were identical to those of the di-and tripeptides which could be obtained after partial protein hydrolysis. A peptide containing 18 amino acid residues was eventually synthesized. Molecules containing peptide bonds were found to give a characteristic pink to purple color in the presence of dilute alkaline copper sulfate. The simplest compound which does this is biuret, formed when urea is heated at 150-160 °C ... 

Aminopyridine has been prepared by heating nicotinamide in an alkaline potassium hypobromite solution at 70° by hydrolysis of 8-pyridylurethan with oleum by heating 3-amino-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid at 250° by reduction of 3-nitro-pyridine with zinc and hydrochloric acid and by heating 3-bromopyridine with ammonia and copper sulfate in a sealed tube. ... 

Methyl-L-rhamnose has been synthesized from the reducing product, 2,3-isopropylidene-L-rhamnofuranose (LIV), which is obtained by the condensation of L-rhamnose with acetone in the presence of sulfuric acid and copper sulfate. Methylation with silver oxide and methyl iodide in the presence of sodium sulfate gave methyl 2,3-isopropylidene-5-methyl-/ -L-rhamnofuranoside (LV), from which was obtained by hydrolysis 5-methyl-L-rhamnose (LVI).62... 

Ioffe and Sorokin (1954) investigated a novel procedure for the hydrolysis of elastin using copper sulfate and 0.4 N barium hydroxide at 37°C for 60 hr. The first product of hydrolysis was a protein which resembled a-elastin in that it showed reversible coacervation on raising the temperature. This substance was subsequently degraded further to yield a soluble fraction and a fraction containing peptides. Alkaline hydrolysis was much more rapid in the presence than in the absence of copper ion. 

The CuCli-CuO promoted hydrolysis is not solely limited to thioacetals—a variety of acetals are also deprotected [21]. Treatment of 26 with the copper catalysts in acetone-water afforded the spiroacetals 27 and 28 via concomitant hydrolysis of the thioacetal and benzylidene dioxy and ethoxyethyl acetals (Sch. 7) [22], Copper(II) chloride dihydrate has also been shown to hydrolyze a variety of acetals [23] and trityl groups can also be removed in the presence of copper sulfate in benzene to afford deprotected alcohols [24]. 

The affinity of copper for cyanide aids the hydrolysis of a-aminonitriles (Sch. 10) [30]. Treatment of 39 with copper sulfate in aqueous methanol affords ketone 40 in good yield. The acid-sensitive substrate 41 was also hydrolyzed with ease under these conditions. 

Hydrazine salts have been prepared by the action of hypochlorites on ammonia (1) or urea (2) by the hydrolysis of salts of sulfohydrazimethylene disiilfonic acid (3) by the hydrolysis of triazoacetic acid (4) by the reduction of diazoacetic ester (5) by the reduction of nitroguanidine followed by hydrolysis (6) by the reduction of the nitroso derivatives of hexamethylene tetramine (7) by the reduction of nitrates or nitrites with zinc in neutral solution (8) by the action of sodium bisulfite on hyponitrous acid followed by reduction (9) by the reduction of K2S03N202 (10) by the action of ammonia on dichlorourea (11) by the reduction of nitrosoparaldimin (12) by the action of copper sulfate on ammonia at high temperatures (13) by the reduction of methylene diisonitrosoamine (14) by the hydrolysis of the addition product of diazoacetic ester and fumaric or cinnamic esters (15). 

The effects of inorganic salts on plasma cholinesterase (E16) are largely contradictory. Fruentova (F9) reported that divalent cations are more effective inhibitors of horse serum cholinesterase than are monovalent ions, whereas divalent ions are frequently reported to have a marked activating effect (H38, T8, VI). Lithium and sodium nitrates have been shown by in vitro studies of the reaction of human plasma cholinesterase with benzoylcholine to have identical inhibition profiles (W21), while sodium and potassium chlorides had very similar inhibitory actions on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by human plasma (H47). Silver nitrate, copper sulfate, and mercuric chloride are powerful inhibitors of F. polycolor butyrylcholinesterase (N2). Cohen and Oosterbaum (C12) concluded that activation by cations occurring at the usual substrate concentration is highly dependent on the experimental conditions. This supposition is very relevant to the somewhat random choice of buffers and substrates in the work reported above. 

Benomyl absorbed by plants is rapidly metabolised in the tissue fluids into MBC (Sims et al., 1969 Peterson and Edgington, 1970), so that benomyl itself can be detected only rarely in the tissue fluids. Sunlight, heat and various solvents enhance the transformation. At the same time, Baude et al. (1973) showed by the chemical approach that benomyl has adequate stability in aqueous suspensions at a concentration usual in sprays. An aqueous suspension of the benomyl preparation Benlate at 23°C contained more than 90% of the original benomyl even after 48 hours. After a longer time, the larger part of the residue found on the leaves consisted of intact benomyl. No other metabolites were found in the plant in addition to MBC, even if benomyl was used in combination with alkaline pesticides (basic copper sulfate or lime sulfur solution) in the spray. Thus, because of its low solubility, the hydrolysis of benomyl in practice is not as rapid as has been measured in dilute solutions by several authors (Jhooty and Singh, 1972 Brown and Albrigo,... 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES stable in air stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage hazardous polymerization will not occur hydrolyzes to glucose and fructose by dilute acids and by invertase, a yeast enzyme optical rotation falls and is negative upon completion of hydrolysis does not reduce Fehling s solution (consists of two solutions, one of copper sulfate, the other of alkaline tartrate), forms an osazone, or show mutarotation fermentable, but resists bacterial decomposition when in high concentrations. FP (NA) LFL/UFL (NA) AT (NA) MEC (45g/cm ). 

Selenol esters were also hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids, but thiol esters are inert under similar conditions. The nature of the copper salt has a dramatic influence on the reaction course. No hydrolysis products were obtained when tellurol esters were treated with copper sulfate or copper(l) chloride. 

Ideally samples should be analyzed in situ or at the site of sampling in the field. If direct measurements are not possible or are too expensive, samples should be analyzed as soon as possible to avoid the need for preservation. However, samples cannot always be analyzed directly and they may have to be stored for so long that preservation is necessary. The preservation of water samples is covered in ISO standard 5667/3 (1985). The preservation methods described in this standard include time limits for sample storage and analysis specifications for container material prevention of exposure to light temperature control (2-5°C) pH control (addition of sulfuric, nitric, or phosphoric acid, or sodium hydroxide) addition of special reagents (e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), copper sulfate, zinc acetate, formaldehyde) to retard biological activity, hydrolysis of compounds and complexes and measures for reducing volatility of compounds and sorption effects. 

Complexation of nitrogen by Cu " " has been used to advantage in several cases. The selective hydrolysis of a-aminodiesters is guided by chelation to nitrogen and activation of the vicinal ester group (eq 4). Cycloreversions of 2-azanorbomenes to give primary amines are catalyzed efficiently by copper sulfate (eq 5). Copper sulfate (or other Cu " " sources) facilitates the preparation of diimide from hydrazine by complexation with nitrogen. See also copper(II) acetate. 

Reagents. Aqueous solutions of silver(I) and divalent transition metal perchlorate were used for investigating the structures of the hydrated metal ions(l-4). Copper sulfate(l,2), zinc sulfate(l) and silver(I) nitrate(3) were also used in the structural studies of the aqua metal complexes. A small amount of acid was added to the solutions to prevent hydrolysis of the metal ions. Indium(III) perchlorate was used for the study of the structural determination of the aqua indium(III) complex(5), but no further investigation has been carried out for other complexes except the hexachloroindate complex(6), for which we will not describe here. 

Even ia 1960 a catalytic route was considered the answer to the pollution problem and the by-product sulfate, but nearly ten years elapsed before a process was developed that could be used commercially. Some of the eadier attempts iacluded hydrolysis of acrylonitrile on a sulfonic acid ion-exchange resia (69). Manganese dioxide showed some catalytic activity (70), and copper ions present ia two different valence states were described as catalyticaHy active (71), but copper metal by itself was not active. A variety of catalysts, such as Umshibara or I Jllmann copper and nickel, were used for the hydrolysis of aromatic nitriles, but aUphatic nitriles did not react usiag these catalysts (72). Beginning ia 1971 a series of patents were issued to The Dow Chemical Company (73) describiag the use of copper metal catalysis. Full-scale production was achieved the same year. A solution of acrylonitrile ia water was passed over a fixed bed of copper catalyst at 85°C, which produced a solution of acrylamide ia water with very high conversions and selectivities to acrylamide. 

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