Hydrochloric acid chloride

Hydrochloric Acid (Chlorides). — 5 cc. of glycerin diluted with 25 cc. of water should exhibit at most a slight, opalescent turbidity on the addition of silver nitrate solution. 

Chlorine hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid chlorides. 

A further synthesis of primary aliphatic amines was developed by Dele-pine 464 he alkylated urotropine to the monoquaternary salt and cleaved that by alcoholic hydrochloric acid. Chlorides and bromides often react very slowly with urotropine, but they can be converted in situ into the iodides by adding an equivalent amount of sodium iodide. 

More methods are available for chlorine. As free chlorine, the element may be analyzed by reduction to chloride using iodide, arsenite, alkaline hydrogen peroxide, sulfur dioxide, or sodium thiosulfate (Na2S203), or determined colorimetrically by treatment with ort/to-toluidine in hydrochloric acid. Chloride ion may be precipitated as silver chloride or titrated with silver nitrate in the presence of potassium chromate (K2Cr04). 

Precipitation with Electrolytes. — As already pointed out silicic acid is not immediately precipitated by all electrolytes. Hydrochloric acid, chlorides of the alkali, and alkaline earth metals give no precipitate but may cause gelatinization after standing for hours, days, or perhaps weeks. It is precipitated immediately by barium hydroxide, E. Jordis Zeit. f. anorg. Chemie, 36, 16-22 (1903). t R. Zsigmondy und R, Heyer Zeit. f. anorg. Chemie, 68, 169-187 (1910). f A. Sabanejeff Journ. d. russ. phys.-ohem. Ges., 21, 515-525 (1889) Ber., 23, R., 87 (1890). 

On acetylation it gives acetanilide. Nitrated with some decomposition to a mixture of 2-and 4-nitroanilines. It is basic and gives water-soluble salts with mineral acids. Heating aniline sulphate at 190 C gives sulphanilic add. When heated with alkyl chlorides or aliphatic alcohols mono- and di-alkyl derivatives are obtained, e.g. dimethylaniline. Treatment with trichloroethylene gives phenylglycine. With glycerol and sulphuric acid (Skraup s reaction) quinoline is obtained, while quinaldine can be prepared by the reaction between aniline, paraldehyde and hydrochloric acid. 

CH2CI-CO-CH3. Colourless lachrymatory liquid b.p. 119°C. Manufactured by treating propanone with bleaching powder or chlorine. It is used as a tear gas and is usually mixed with the more potent bromoacetone. chloro acids Complex chloroanions are formed by most elements of the periodic table by solution of oxides or chlorides in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Potassium salts are precipitated from solution when potassium chloride is added to a solution of the chloro acid, the free acids are generally unstable. 

CH2 CH C CH. Colourless gas with a sweet odour b.p. 5°C. Manufactured by the controlled low-temperature telomerization of ethyne in the presence of an aqueous solution of CuCI and NH Cl. Reduced by hydrogen to butadiene and, finally, butane. Reacts with water in the presence of HgSO to give methyl vinyl ketone. Forms salts. Forms 2-chloro-butadiene (chloroprene) with hydrochloric acid and certain metallic chlorides. 

Hydrogen chloride released dissolves in water during condensation in the crude oil distillation column overhead or in the condenser, which cause corrosion of materials at these locations. The action of hydrochloric acid is favored and accelerated by the presence of hydrogen sulfide which results in the decomposition of sulfur-containing hydrocarbons this forces the refiner to inject a basic material like ammonia at the point where water condenses in the atmospheric distillation column. 

Thus under standard conditions chloride ions are not oxidised to chlorine by dichromate(Vr) ions. However, it is necessary to emphasise that changes in the concentration of the dichromate(VI) and chloride ions alters their redox potentials as indicated by the Nernst equation. Hence, when concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to solid potassium dichromate and the mixture warmed, chlorine is liberated. 

Both boron and aluminium chlorides can be prepared by the direct combination of the elements. Boron trichloride can also be prepared by passing chlorine gas over a strongly heated mixture of boron trioxide and carbon. Like boron trifluoride, this is a covalent compound and a gas at ordinary temperature and pressure (boiling point 285 K). It reacts vigorously with water, the mechanism probably involving initial co-ordination of a water molecule (p, 152). and hydrochloric acid is obtained ... 

Lead reacts only briefly with dilute hydrochloric and sulphuric acids for both lead(Il) chloride and lead(Il) sulphate are insoluble and form a film on the lead which effectively prevents further attack. Lead, however, does slowly dissolve in both concentrated sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. The sulphuric acid is reduced to sulphur dioxide ... 

Lead reacts slowly with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid since the lead II) chloride dissolves in an excess of the hot hydrochloric acid to form the acid H,[Pb"CI ] ... 

JiVith ammoniacal or hydrochloric acid solution of copper(I) chloride, carbon monoxide forms the addition compound CuCl. CO. 2H2O. This reaction can be used to quantitatively remove carbon monoxide from gaseous mixtures. 

Lead(IV) oxide is found to have a considerable oxidising power, again indicating that the oxidation state +2 is generally more stable for lead than oxidation state +4. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, for example, reacts with PbO at room temperature to form lead(II) chloride and chlorine ... 

This chloride is prepared by dissolving tin in concentrated hydrochloric acid on cooling, the solution deposits crystals of hydrated tin(II) chloride. SnClj. 2H2O ("tin salt ). The anhydrous chloride is prepared by heating tin in a current of hydrogen chloride ... 

The solid is essentially ionic, made up of Pb and Cl ions. The vapour contains bent molecules of PbCh (cf. SnCh). Lead chloride is precipitated when hydrochloric acid (or a solution of a chloride) is added to a cold solution of a lead(ll) salt. It dissolves in hot water but on cooling, is slowly precipitated in crystalline form. It dissolves in excess of concentrated hydrochloric acid to give the acid H2[Pb"Cl4]. 

---