Hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon sulfones

Sulfonates for Enhanced Oil Recovery. The use of hydrocarbon sulfonates for reducing the capillary forces in porous media containing cmde oil and water phases was known as far back as 1927—1931 (164,165). Interfacial tensions between 10 and 10 N/m or less were estabUshed as necessary for the mobilization and recovery of cmde oil (166—169). 

The color is adversely effected mainly by impurities in the LAB. In such cases LAB is refined before sulfonation with sulfuric acid. If the neutral oil content (paraffin hydrocarbons, sulfones, and/or unsulfonated LAB) is too high, the surfactant properties of the LAB are negatively affected. In such cases, for example, the paraffins are removed prior to sulfonation by treatment with molecular sieves [152]. 

Hydrocarbon sulfonates, 23 531 Hydrocarbon surfactants, 24 133 Hydrocarbon waxes, 26 220 Hydrocarbyl complexes of thorium, 24 773 of uranium, 25 441-442 Hydrochloric acid, 13 808-809, 821-822. See also Hydrogen chloride in ascorbic acid manufacture, 25 757 chlorine from, 6 172-175 constant boiling, 13 814t density and concentration of, 13 808t end use of chlorine, 6 135t for fermentation, 11 38... 

Aromatic hydrocarbons gave products of protonation on dissolving in hydrofluoric acid. Oxidation in aromatic cation radicals did not take place (Kon Blois 1958). Triflu-oroacetic acid is an effective one-electron oxidant (Eberson Radner 1991). Meanwhile, sulfuric acid caused not only dissolution and protonation, but also one-electron oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Sulfonation, naturally, proceeded too (Weissmann et al. 1957). 

Hydrocarbon copolymer Sulfonated copolymer Hydrocarbon copolymer Sulfonated copolymer ... 

SAFETY PROFILE A skin and severe eye irritant. Decomposes violendy at about 200°. Mixture with siolfuric acid + sulfur trioxide may explode above 150°C. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SOx and NO. See also NITRO COMPOUNDS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS and SULFONATES. 

Avitone [Du Pont], TM for a group of chemical compounds based on hydrocarbon sodium sulfonates that are used principally as softening lubricating and finishing agents for textiles, leather, and paper. 

Petrowet R [Du Pont], TM for a surface-active agent composed of saturated hydrocarbon sodium sulfonate. A wetting and penetrating agent effective in high concentration of electrolytes and acids, suitable for use in acidizing of oil wells. 

Oil-insoluble monosulfonic acids Hydrocarbon sulfonic acids... 

The replacement of the usual hydrocarbon-based hydrophobic group by a fluorocarbon-based hydrophobic group causes a very large increase in the efficiency of surface tension reduction (Shinoda, 1972), the C7 perfluorosulfonate showing greater efficiency than the corresponding C12 hydrocarbon-based sulfonate. 

EffcoL [Matsumoto Yushi-Seiyaku] Linear hydrocarbon sulfonate andstat for warp sizing. 

EffcoL [MatsumotoYushi-Seiyaku] Linear hydrocarbon sulfonate antistat for waipsizii. ... 

When SO3 itself is employed, the concentration is at a maximum and the initial stage of the sulfonation is completed easily and rapidly. However, the sulfonic acid formed in the initial stage easily reacts with a second mole of SO3 to form a complex which may be much less reactive than SO3 itself. Thus, when reacting a hydrocarbon with SO3 on an equimolar basis, one half of the hydrocarbon is sulfonated with SO3 and the other half is sulfonated by the less reactive complex (see the section on Kinetics). Likewise, when sulfonating organic acids with SO3, the initial reaction product is an acyl sulfate which is next converted to the desired sulfonate under considerably more drastic conditions. The second half of these reactions is the slower, and the rate and reaction conditions are determined by the stability of the initial complex, which varies greatly. The benzene-sulfonic acid-S03 complex is quite reactive, while that from naphthalene-disulfonic acid is comparatively unreactive. When SO3 is used for sulfation, the reaction appears simpler ... 

This mechanism requires that about half of the hydrocarbon be sulfonated with SO3, the other half with pyrosulfonate by reaction (3). ReactiooB (2) and (3) occur concurrently, with (2) yielding undesired by-product sulfone, which is formed in some quantity when using SO3- Reaction (1) probaUy actually proceeds in two steps, as stated above (see also the equations in the paragraph below). 

J. Boeseken and co-workers [Rec. trav. chim. 32y 184 (1913) 55,317 54,78 55, 109 Verslag Akad. Wenschap-pen 21 y 979] studied the Friedel-Crafts reaction in connection with sulfonyl chlorides such as p-brombenzene-sulphonechloride, etc. These combined with the aluminium chloride. The resulting compounds then reacted with the aromatic hydrocarbon. The sulfone formed in the reaction combined with the aluminium chloride, and if formed in considerable amount decreased the velocity of the reaction by decreasing the concentration of the double salt of the sulfone chloride and aluminium chloride. 

It should be pointed out that the fluorination process is tolerant to some functional groups. For example, the direct synthesis of 66 and 69 was carried out starting from the corresponding hydrocarbon sulfones. 

Sulfinic acids and hydrocarbons from sulfones SO2R -> SOgH + HR... 

Sulfonation oxidation of hydrocarbon is similar to sulfonation-chlorination of hydrocarbon. Alkyl sulfonic acid can be synthesized under ultraviolet radiation by adopting saturated hydrocarbon, SO2, and O2 as raw materials. The reaction can be given by the following ... 

HOBOCTbA Sulfate, sodium salt of fatty acids(C7-C9) with sodium hydrocarbon sulfonate and carboxymethyl cellulose Sodium allyl sulfonate about 40 %, sodium hydrocarbyl sulfonate 40-50 %, unsulfonated matter >140, moisture content >150 Prepared by sulfonating of fatty alcohols 1-2 % aqueous solution, mixed with sodium oleate and tar oil... 

Hydrocarbons from sulfonic acid esters OSOgR -> H... 

Another typical kind of sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer, sulfonated polysulfone (sPSU), has also been imbibed with triazole [84, 85]. In a doped membrane of a base doping level of 8.3, the pulsed field magnetic gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy showed a self-diffusion coefficient of the triazole 4-5 times lower than that... 

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