Sulfonic acids, addition hydrocarbons

Fig. 6.3. Effect of sodium dodecylsulfate in the mobile phase upon electrochromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a C18-derivatized continuous bed containing sulfonic acid groups (Reprinted with permission from [30]. Copyright 1996 American Chemical Society). Capillary 14 cm (10 cm effective length) x 100 pm i.d. Applied voltage 3.0 kV Eluent 60% (v/v) acetonitrile in 4 mmol/1 sodium phosphate (pH 7.4). (a) 1.0 mmol/1 SDS added to the eluent (b) without addition of SDS (control). Peaks naphthalene (1), 2-methylnaphthalene (2), fluorene (3), phenanthrene (4), anthracene (5).

Sulfonation of olefins. Rondestvedt and Bordwell snifonated styrene by adding 1 mole of the hydrocarbon in 2 volumes of ethylene dictiloride to the suspension of complex in ethylene dichloride prepared as described above. The mixture was cooled during the addition and then refluxed styrene-j3-sulfonic acid was isolated as the sodium salt. 

A thermopolastic elastomer based on sulfonated-EPDM, S-EPDM, was developed in the 1970 s by Exxon and more recently by Uniroyal. Unlike the synthesis of the carboxylate ionomers described above, S-EPDM is prepared by a post-polymerization sulfonatlon reaction(28). Compared to the metal neutralized S-EPDM, the sulfonic acid derivative is not highly associated. The free acid materials possess low strengths and are less thermally stable. The metal salts of S-EPDM have properties comparable to crosslInked elastomers, but they do exhibit viscous flow at elevated temperatures. In the absence of a polar cosolvent, such as methanol, hydrocarbon solutions of the metal salts of S-EPDM are solid gels at polymer concentrations above several percent(31). With the addition of 1 to 5% alcohol the polymer solution becomes fluid with solution viscosities of the order of 10 to 100 poise. 

The addition takes place according to Markownikoff s rule. The addition of carbo lic acida to the double bonds of isobutylene and trimethyl-ethylene gives tertiary esters. A true equilibrium independent of sulfuric acid concentrations is established in the exothermic reaction. The addition does not go well with ethylene, but goes well with many of the higher alkenes, particularly with some of the terpenes. To avoid the polymerizing effects of sulfuric acid, various other catalysts, such as sulfonic acids, triethylamine, hydrofluoric acid, boron trifluoride, and cuprous chloride have been used. The addition may take place at room temperature or higher and is aided by pressure. The vapors of the acid and hydrocarbon may be passed over catalysts, such as activated carbon, heteropoly acids, or metal phosphates. ... 

The present volume is a revised and enlarged third edition of the book formerly titled Tables for Identification of Organic Compounds, Four new classes of compounds, i.e., sulfonyl chlorides, sulfonamides, thiols and thioethers were added, bringing the number of classes included in the book to twenty-six. The tables of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, nitriles and sulfonic acids were all thoroughly revised and considerably enlarged. In all, the addition of 2400 compounds to the third edition, raised the total number of parent compounds in the book to over 8150. 

The improved electro-oxidation behavior observed with the C-8 and C-12 acid coated electrodes might be attributed to (i) the higher concentration of sulfonic acid groups present in the electrocatalytic layer of the C-8 acid and C-12 acid coated electrode, (ii) enhanced diffusion of reactants and products, and/or (iii) the enhanced wettability" at the catalytic site of oxidation facilitating hydrocarbon adsorbtion. These results are in accordance with earlier findings where the addition of C-8 acid was observed to significantly enhance the ease of oxidation of various oxygenated molecules. 

Paul et al. (25) observed that for polymer volume fractions less than 0.8, the functional dependence of the diffusion coefficients on the polymer volume fraction was, generally, in accordance with Equation 40. Muhr and Blanshard (26) provide additional supporting data on different polymers than those reported by Paul et al, Roucls and Ekerdt (27) measured the diffusion of cyclic hydrocarbons in benzene-swollen polystyrene beads their diffusion coefficients satisfy the general form of Equation 40. The effective dlffuslvltles of organic substrates in crossllnked polystyrene reported by Marconi and Ford (17) also follow trends predicted in Equation 40. In the absence of experimental data, it appears that Equation 40 provides a reasonable, and the simplest, means to estimate D for use in detailed modeling or in estimation methods such as Equation 38. Equation 40 was used by Dooley et al. (11) in their study of substrate diffusion and reaction in a macroreticular sulfonic acid resin which involved vapor phase reactants. 

Park et al. summarized the properties of sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs shown in Eigure 21.54. Nafion 112 with lEC of about 0.91 mequiv. g was used as a reference sample. Hydrocarbon-based random copolymers without specific functionality or side chain were compared with Nafion. Hydrocarbon-based random copolymers without specific functionality or side chain show similar or lower water uptake values than Nafion with the similar lECs at 25°C. Additionally, they exhibit much lower proton condnc-tivity as compared to Nafion with the same lEC. The poor performance of hydrocarbon-based random copolymer is caused by the inefficient aggregation of sulfonic acid gronps that are attached to the backbone directly (withont side chain). In contrast, the snlfonic acid groups of Nafion are decorated at the side chains, and even at low lEC valne, the... 

In the formulae, Me represents the metal atom. The organic acids RCOOH, where R is a hydrocarbon chain, can be replaced by alkyl sulfuric acids ROSO3H), alkyl aryl sulfonic acids (RSO3H), and alkyl phenols (ROH) (see Figure 4.6). In the case of divalent ions, nonsto-chiometric additives, also called overbased salts, can be obtained by the following reaction... 

Effluents from the manufacture of Pb(CH3)4 can be treated with an alkali metal borohydride, e.g., NaBH4 at pH 8 to 11 to substantially reduce the level of dissolved lead compounds, like [Pb(CH3)3][145, 146]. Zn can also be used [147]. Liquid NH3 and toluene are used to remove solid NH4Clfrom the apparatus for producing Pb(CH3)4 by the NH3- or amine-catalyzed reaction of CH3CI with a PbNa alloy [148]. Stabilization of Pb(CH3)4, and of antiknock fluids containing Pb(CH3)4, is accomplished by addition of compounds, like toluene [149], xylene [141, 150], styrenes [151], naphthalenes [149, 151, 152], anthracenes [152], substituted phenols [141, 152 to 155], olefinic hydrocarbons [152], alcohols [141, 152], amines [155], hydroquinones [156], ethers [141], saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acids [141, 152], esters of phosphoric acid [152], or of sulfuric acid [157], or of sulfonic acids [141], imidazoles [158], alkyl halides and alkyl thiocyanates [141], or tall oil [159] see also Organolead Compounds , Vol. 2, Section 1.1.1.2, to be published. 

The functional group ia collectors for nonsulfide minerals is characterized by the presence of either a N (amines) or an O (carboxyUc acids, sulfonates, etc) as the donor atoms. In addition to these, straight hydrocarbons, such as fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, etc, are also used extensively either as auxiUary or secondary collectors, or as primary collectors for coal and molybdenite flotation. The chain length of the hydrocarbon group is generally short (2—8 C) for the sulfide collectors, and long (10—20 C) for nonsulfide collectors, because sulfides are generally more hydrophobic than most nonsulfide minerals (10). 

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