Hydrocarbons, aliphatic cycloaliphatic

There is, quite clearly, scope or a very wide range of epoxy resins. The nonepoxy part of the molecule may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or highly aromatic hydrocarbon or it may be non-hydrocarbon and possibly polar. It may contain unsaturation. Similar remarks also apply to the chain extension/cross-linking agents, so that cross-linked products of great diversity may be obtained. In practice, however, the commercial scene is dominated by the reaction products of bis-phenol A and epichlorohydrin, which have some 80-90% of the market shtu"e. 

The spray paint can was inverted and a small amount of product was dispensed into a 20 mL glass headspace vial. The vial was immediately sealed and was incubated at 80°C for approximately 30 min. After this isothermal hold, a 0.5-mL portion of the headspace was injected into the GC/MS system. The GC-MS total ion chromatogram of the paint solvent mixture headspace is shown in Figure 15. Numerous solvent peaks were detected and identified via mass spectral library searching. The retention times, approximate percentages, and tentative identifications are shown in Table 8 for the solvent peaks. These peak identifications are considered tentative, as they are based solely on the library search. The mass spectral library search is often unable to differentiate with a high degree of confidence between positional isomers of branched aliphatic hydrocarbons or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons. Therefore, the peak identifications in Table 8 may not be correct in all cases as to the exact isomer present (e.g., 1,2,3-cyclohexane versus 1,2,4-cyclohexane). However, the class of compound (cyclic versus branched versus linear aliphatic) and the total number of carbon atoms in the molecule should be correct for the majority of peaks. 

Telechelic polymers rank among the oldest designed precursors. The position of reactive groups at the ends of a sequence of repeating units makes it possible to incorporate various chemical structures into the network (polyether, polyester, polyamide, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, etc.). The cross-linking density can be controlled by the length of precursor chain and functionality of the crosslinker, by molar ratio of functional groups, or by addition of a monofunctional component. Formation of elastically inactive loops is usually weak. Typical polyurethane systems composed of a macromolecular triol and a diisocyanate are statistically simple and when different theories listed above are... 

The anionic poymerization of 1,3-butadiene is normally carried out in solvents [102-109]. Aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons, or ethers as solvents could be used. Working in ethers requires low temperatures because of the high reactivity and low stability of the lithium alkyl in this solvent. Using n-hexane as solvent, a butadiene concentration of 25wt% and a polymerization temperature of 100 to 200 °C is preferred. 

Suitable solvents, or diluents, in the hydroformylation reaction are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic ethers, aliphatic alcohols, nitriles, anhydrides, ketones, esters, lactones, lactams, orthoesters and water. 

As shown in Table 8, the spray paint solvent is predominately a mixture of several linear aliphatic, branched aliphatic, and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, and toluene, xylenes, and ethyl benzene. 2-Butanone (also known as methyl ethyl ketone) was also detected. The breakdown of the solvent mixture by class of compound (aromatic, //-alkane, iso-alkane, cyclic alkane, and others) is shown in Table 9. The solvent appears to be consistent with a mixture of a VM P naphtha... 

Each fraction of distilled petroleum still contains a complex mixture of chemicals but they can be somewhat categorized. A certain sample of straight-run gasoline (light naphtha) might contain nearly 30 aliphatic, noncyclic hydrocarbons, nearly 20 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons (mainly cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes) sometimes called naphthenes, and 20 aromatic compounds. 

Rosin is compatible with many materials because of its polar functionality, cycloaliphatic structure, and its low molecular weight. It has an acid number of ca 165 and a saponification number of ca 170. It is soluble in aliphatic, aromatic, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, as well as esters and ethers. Because of its solubility and compatibility characteristics, it is useful for modifying the properties of many polymers. 

NAPHTHENIC ACIDS. The term naphthenic acid, as commonly used in the petroleum industry, refers collectively to all of the carboxylic adds present m crude oil. Naphthenic adds are classified as monobasic carboxylic acids of the general formula RCOOH, where R represents the naphthene moiety consisting of cyclopentine and cyclohexane derivatives. Naphthenic adds are composed predominantly of alkyl-substituted cycloaliphatic carboxylic adds, with smaller amounts of acyclic aliphatic (paraffinic or fatty) acids. Aromatic, okfinic. hydroxy, and dibasic acids are considered to be minor components. Commercial naphthenic aads also contain varying amounts of unsaponifiable hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, sulfur compounds, and water. The complex mixture of adds is derived from straight-run distillates of petroleum, mostly from kerosene and diesel fractions. See also Petroleum. 

For ternary catalyst systems polymerization activities are also higher in aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons than in aromatic solvents. These features were observed for various catalysts systems. Detailed studies are available for NdzO/TIBA/DEAC [161,165,166], NdV/DIBAH/EASC [205,422], Nd(N(SiMe3)2)3/TIBA/DEAC [318,320], NdV/DIBAH/fBuCl [423] and NdV/ MAO/fBuCl [175]. 

The abovementioned materials can be mixed with one another. A series of other polymers and resins can also be added if the substances listed in 1 to 4 form the bulk of the material. Additional materials are PE, PP, low molecular weight polyolefins, polyterpenes (mixtures of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons produced by polymerisation of terpene hydrocarbons), polyisobutylene, butyl rubber, dammar gum, glycerine and pentaerythritol esters of rosin acid and their hydration products, polyolefin resins, hydrated polycyclopentadiene resin (substance mixtures manufactured by thermal polymerization of a mixture mainly composed of di-cyclopentadiene with methylcyclopentadiene, isoprene and piperylene which is then hydrogenated). 

Since the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of amine-cured resins was so sensitive to alkyl substituents on the hydantoin ring, it is not surprising that it was also sensitive to the hydrocarbon moieties of the amine curatives. The range of behavior depended on the resin substituents. For example, the already hydrophobic ethyl amyl substituted Resin Ilk showed moderate but significant increases in hydrophobicity when cured with cycloaliphatic, highly branched aliphatic, or formulated aromatic amines. See Table V. 

Some properties of TXN are listed in Table 7.4. Pure TXN is colorless, crystallizes in needles or rhombohedral form. It is soluble in alcohols, ketones, organic acids, esters, phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Solubility in aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons is limited at room temperature but rises markedly with temperature. At 20 °C water dissolves about 20 % wt of TXN, and solubility in water increases with increasing temperature 47). 

The refractive inde.x is measured in a refractometer with a sodium vapor lamp (Na-D lines, 589.0 and 589.6 nm). The value of the refractive index [14.45], [14.46], [14.80] is largely determined by the hydrocarbon skeleton of the substance in question. Aliphatic esters, ketones, and alcohols have refractive indices between 1.32 and 1.42. In homologous series the refractive index increases with increasing length of the carbon chain, and decreases with increasing branching. Cycloaliphatic and aromatic structures increase the refractive index (/Jd ), as does the incidence of functional groups ... 

The solvency of cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons is between that of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. They have a high solvency for fats, oils, oil-modified alkyd resins, styrene-modified oils and alkyd resins, bitumen, rubber, and other polymers. Polar resins (e.g., urea-, melamine-, and phenol-formaldehyde resins), as well as alcohol-soluble synthetic resins and cellulose esters are, however, insoluble. 

The viscosity method for soluble polymers and the swelling method for cross-linked network polymers yield quite unambiguous values for polymer solubility parameters, so long as one is confined to a series of structurally similar solvents. For example, the data in Figure 6-1 apply to aliphatic hydrocarbons as well as to long-chain esters and ketones. Cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons and short-chain esters such as ethyl acetate deviate significantly from the curves shown. 

The term fluorous was introduced by Horvath and Rabai to stress the conceptual similarity to aqueous biphasic catalysis (246). In this version of organic-organic two-phase systems one of the liquid phases is composed of a perfluorinated organic solvent, in most cases an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon, ether or tertiary amine. Such solvents are used in the electronics industry as well as basic components of artificial blood and have several useful characteristics. Most importantly, at room temperature the mentioned perfluorinated... 

Non-solvent aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl acetate, nitromethane, organic and inorganic acids ... 

The anhydrous polymer is also soluble in the lower molecular weight alcohols, ketones, tetrahydrofuran, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pyridine, pyrrolidone, butyrolactone, triethanolamine, dimethylformamide, and glyoxal [1,2]. It is insoluble in ether, aliphatic, and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons [2]. The polymer is swollen by esters and aromatic hydrocarbons [1]. It is also soluble in many mixed solvents. 

Strength. Although dibutylmagnesium and its complex with triethylal-uminium are not suitable as the sole initiator to polymerize butadiene and styrene, their complex with barium er -butoxide in a hydrocarbon medium can initiate polymerization of both. Polymerizations are typically carried out in aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, with approximately 15-20 wt% monomer concentrations. 

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