Hydrocarbons acetamidation

Both piperidine (18) and AZ-formylpiperidine [2591-86-8] are used as solvents. /V-Formylpiperidine is a dipolar, aprotic solvent that has considerably better hydrocarbon solubiUty than other dipolar, aprotic solvents having form amide or acetamide functionahty. 

Esters are named by replacing the ending -ic acid with the suffix -ate. The alcohol portion of the ester is named by replacing the -ane ending of the parent hydrocarbon name with the suffix -yl. The alkyl radical name of an ester is separated from the carboxylate name, eg, methyl formate for HCOOCH. Amides are named by changing the ending -oic acid to -amide for either systematic or common names, eg, hexanamide and acetamide. 

The commercial polymers are generally resistant to aqueous acids and alkalis although they are attacked by concentrated sulphuric acid. As might be expected of a highly polar polymer it is not dissolved by aliphatic hydrocarbons but solvents include dimethyl formamide and dimethyl acetamide. 

Warshel, Levitt, and Lifson derived a partially optimised consistent force field for amides and lactams (25). It is composed of an alkane part and an amide-part. The former was taken over from analogous earlier calculations for saturated hydrocarbons (17). The potential constants of the amide-part were optimised with the help of a large number of experimental frequencies (taken from TV-methylform amide, acetamide, iV-methylacetamide, and several deuterated species) as well as experimental geometry data for 7V-methylacet-amide. The resulting force field was used for the calculation of vibrational and conformational properties of 2-pyrrolidone, 2-piperidone and e-caprolactam. 

By analogy with their behavior in mass spectrometry, branched hydrocarbons are cleaved when oxidized in CH3 CN/TEABF4 at —45 °C. The resulting acetamides of the fragments (Table 6) are formed by cleavage of the initial radical cation at the C,C bond between the secondary and tertiary C atom, to afford after a second electron transfer, carbocations, which react in a Ritter reaction with acetonitrile [29]. 

Miscible with acetamide solutions, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, methyl acetate, and many unsaturated hydrocarbons (Windholz et al., 1983). Immiscible with many saturated hydrocarbons (quoted, Keith and Walters, 1992). 

Total or partial insolubility is observed with hydrocarbons and with the compds contg NOa or halogen groups. For instance, AN is miscible in all proportions with mannitol, resorcinol, urea and acetamide, while with p-pheny-lenediamine it forms a mol compd in the ratio of 3 parts AN to 1 p of the diamine. In the liquid state AN is partially miscible with m-phenylenediamine, PA, TNT and cholesterol. Eutectic mixts are formed with many of the organic compds investigated by K... 

Note Highly polar solvent sweet, ethereal odor soluble in water flammable, burns with a luminous flame highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption miscible with water, methanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethers, acetamide solutions, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride, and many unsaturated hydrocarbons immiscible with many saturated hydrocarbons (petroleum fractions) dissolves some inorganic salts such as silver nitrate, lithium nitrate, magnesium bromide incompatible with strong oxidants hydrolyzes in the presence of aqueous bases and strong aqueous acids. Synonyms methyl cyanide, acetic acid nitrile, cyanomethane, ethylnitrile. 

Carbanions from hydrocarbons, nitriles, ketones, esters, TV./V-dialkyl acetamides and thioamides, and mono and dianions from (3-dicarbonyl compounds are some of the most common nucleophiles through which a new C-C bond can be formed. This C-C bond formation is also achieved by reaction with aromatic alkoxides. Among the nitrogen nucleophiles known to react are amide ions to form anilines however, the anions from aromatic amines, pyrroles, diazoles and triazoles, react with aromatic substrates to afford C-arylation. 

In the wake of the early work just described, several investigations of anodic acet-amidation of polycyclic hydrocarbons were initiated substituted adamantanes were much used in this work because of their availability and their relative ease of oxidation [1 VO-174]. The results are generally explicable in terms of expected stabilities of intermediate carbocations and competition between proton loss and C-C bond cleavage. Difunctionalization of adamantanes is also possible using anodic acetamidation [Eq. (50)] [174]. 

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a synthetic polymer derived from the Reppe chemistry and is widely used in the pharmaceutical, personal care, cosmetic, agriculture, beverage, and many industrial applications. PVP is a polar and amorphous polymer which is soluble in water and some organic solvents, such as alcohols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, and V-methyl pyrrolidone. 

The physical technique with the greatest potential for synthetic applications of Ritter-type reactions is electrochemistry. A selection only of examples is discussed here. Synthetic chemists unfamiliar with this technique will find the review by Eberson and Nyberg an informative and entertaining introduction to this area. Electrochemical Ritter reactions may be performed through anodic substitution of a hydrogen by the nitrile, followed by hydrolysis of the nitrilium ion intermediate, as shown in Scheme 42. The majority of reactions investigated have been anodic acetamidations using hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, esters or ketones as the substrate. In some cases, such as reaction of the adamantane derivatives (83), the yields of amide product are excellent (Scheme 43). 

Metal powder processing techniques in which a preform is molded and sintered are used to process PTFE. Compression molding may also be used to fabricate PTFE parts. Its dispersions are applied by similar techniques to other coatings. Paste extrusion in which PTFE is blended with a hydrocarbon, prior to molding a preform, is used to continuously fabricate PTFE into tubes, tapes, and wire insulation. The hydrocarbon is vaporized before the parts are sintered. PVF is dispersed in a polar latent solvent such as dimethyl acetamide and is melt-extruded as a plastisol, followed by solvent removal by drying. 

It was also found recently that direct selective substitution of aliphatic hydrocarbons via a supposedly electrophilic mechanism can be achieved by use of F-TEDA-BF4 [202]. Depending on the exact reaction conditions, either alkyl fluorides or Ritter-type products are obtained (Scheme 2.91). Relatively short reaction times favor the formation of the fluorides, longer heating with F-TEDA-BF4 in acetonitrile favors the formation of acetamides, especially in the presence of additional BF3 OEt2 as Lewis acid catalyst [203]. 

HoUow-fiber SLMs have been used in the removal of phenol from aqueous matrices. Kujawski et al. [142, 143] studied polypropylene membranes impregnated with methyl-terbutyl ether, cumene, and/or a mixture of hydrocarbons. With Cyanex 923 (a mixture of trialkylphosphine oxides), the recoveries of phenol reached of 98% into the stripping phase from the 0.2 mol.dm solution of caustic soda [144, 145]. Carriers for phenol removal from wastewaters have included hnear monoalkyl cyclohexane [146], N,N-di(l-methyl heptyl) acetamide [147], dibenzo-18-crown-6 [148], dodecane [149], trioctylamine [150], and N-octanoylpyr-rolidine [151]. Many diluents and carriers are of synthetic origin, and so their application carries with issues of flammabUity, volatility, toxicity, and potential detrimental effects to the environment and the health of the human population [152]. 

Conversion of the readily available thujone (211) to 3-thujene (212) has been effected in two laboratories. Thermolysis of the sodium salt of thujone p-toluene-sulphonylhydrazone leads to a 1 1 mixture of the more accessible 2-thujene (210) and 3-thujene (212)/ ° Baldwin and Krauss have raised the yield by treating the same p-toluenesulphonylhydrazone with sodium in acetamide solution. In this reaction 97% of hydrocarbons was obtained, 80% of which was 3-thujene and 20% was y-terpinene (213). The latter method has the advantage of not producing 2-thujene, which is extremely difficult to separate from 3-thujene. 

Liquid Elh.r-like odor Poisonous Burns with a lumi nous name Flash pt 12 8 C <55 F) dl 0.78745. d 0 7l38 mp —45. bpw, 81 6° njf I 34604. ng 1.33934 Dido.Inc constant al 20° — 38.8. Surface tension at 20" - 29 04 dyncs/cm. Misc with water, methannl. melhyl acetate, elhyl acetate, acetone, ether, acetamide solutions, chlornform. carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride and many unsaturated hydrocarbons. Immiscible with many saturated hydrocarbons (petroleum fractions). Dissolves some in organic salts, eg., silver nitrate, lithium nitrate, magnesium bromide Constant boiling mixture with water contains 16% HjO and bp 76° LDm orally in rats 3800 mg/kg (Smyth)... 

When a molecule contains electronegative substituens isotope exchange is simpler than it is with hydrocarbons. It occurs relatively readily with nitro-alkanes, alkyl cyanides, monochloroacetic acid, acetamide, and similar compounds. The following prescription has been given for the preparation of [1,1-D2] nitroethane 8 5... 

In relevant studies, the comparative in vivo and in vitro effects of OPs such as chlorpyrifos and fenthion were assessed in cultured neuroactive PC-12 cells and in treated animals (Bagchi, ei al, 1995, 1997), Although dissimilar polyhalogenated cyclic hydrocarbons, such as endrin and chlordanc, and chlorinated acetamide herbicides, such as alachlor, were also compared to the OP insecticides, the in viva and in vitro effects of OPs, chlorpyrifos, and fenthion were evaluated (Bagchi et al, 1995, 1997). 

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