Hydrocarbon effect

Shin, H.-H. and Yoon, W.-S. (2003) Hydrocarbon effects on the promotion of non-thermal plasma NO-N02 conversion, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 23, 681-704. 

Kowalska M, Gtiler H, Cocke DL (1994) Interactions of clay minerals with organic pollutants. Sci Total Environ 141 223-240 Kukkadapu RK, Boyd SA (1995) Tetramethylphosphonium-smectite and tetramethylammonium-smectite as adsorbents of aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons - effect of water on adsorption efficiency. Clays Clay Miner 43 318-323... 

Volkering, F., Breure, A. M., Sterkenburg, A. and van Andel, J. G. (1992). Microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons effect of substrate availability on bacterial growth kinetics, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 36, 548-552. 

H. R. Linden High temperature pyrolysis of coal with high energy sources seems to follow readily predictable paths similar to hydrocarbon pyrolysis. The effects of pressure, gas atmosphere, reaction time, and the volatile matter" content of the coal bear the same relationship to yields of methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, and hydrogen as for simple hydrocarbons. Effective reaction temperature, although not directly measurable, could be estimated by means of a suitable chemical thermometer, such as the C-. H-. -C. H4-H. system which approaches equilibrium very rapidly. As Dr. Given also noted, equating the volatile matter" to the reactive portion of the coal is an oversimplification but adequate for empirical purposes the C H ratio of the coal would probably be more suitable. 

Prenafeta-Boldu, E.X., Ballerstedt, H., Gerritse, J., and Grotenhuis, J.T.C. 2004. Bioremediation of BTEX hydrocarbons Effect of soil inoculation with the toluene-growing fungus Cladophialophora sp. Strain Tl. Biodegradation, 15 59-65. 

Technologies have been developed to reduce the hydrocarbon emissions during cold start. One of the technologies, the hydrocarbon adsorber [1-3] has been most attractive to automotive makers because it has the advantage in view of cost and performance. Hydrocarbons of the cold start depend on the condition of a vehicle, fuel and driver. About 100 hydrocarbon species are present in the exhaust of the cold start. They consist of about 10% methane, about 30% alkenes such as ethylene or propene, about 30% alkanes such as pentane or hexane, about 20% aromatics such as toluene or xylene, and about 10% other species. Therefore, a hydrocarbon adsorber has to show a good selectivity for the hydrocarbons. In order to remove the adsorbed hydrocarbons effectively, the hydrocarbon adsorber needs to have an additional function, hydrocarbon conversion. 

Shimizu, K., Shibata, J., Satsuma, A. and Hattori, T. (2001) Mechanistic causes of hydrocarbon effect on the activity of Ag-Al203 catalyst for selective reduction NO. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 880-884. 

It can be seen that Soxhlet extraction is able to extract a whole range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons effectively and with reasonable precision. 

Preliminary studies on hydrocarbon effects are summarized in Table 3. DMP at the 1500 ppm N level was employed as the nitrogen compound. The data obtained so far indicate only minor effects, if any, due to hydrocarbon type. However, additional work is required, expecially with more reactive species such as diolefins. 

Eiiiot JE and Harris ML (2001) An ecotoxicological assessment of chlorinated hydrocarbon effects on bald eagle populations. Rev Toxicol 4 1-60. 

Taylor, W.F. etal, 1968, Kinetics of deposit formation for hydrocarbons - effect of trace sulphur compounds. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 7, 198 - 202. 

Fio. 5. The activity of chromiura-oxide-alumina cataiysts for production of aromatic hydrocarbons. Effect of temperature to which -y-AhOajHjO has been heated before application of CrOa. 

It is relatively straightforward to determine selectivity by using GC because the hydrocarbon effect can be decoupled fiom the sulfur response via chromatographic separation. Figure 3 is illustrative of both the sensitivity and selectivity of the GC Dual Plasma SCD for trace sulftn species when used in GC. In this example, the matrix consisted of about 99.9 % toluene with... 

Chen, A. S.-C., R. A. Larson, and V. L. Snoeyink. 1982. Reactions of chlorine dioxide with hydrocarbons effects of activated carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 268-273. 

Gavezzotti, A. Crystal packing of hydrocarbons. Effects of molecular size, shape and stoichiometry. Aeta Crystallogr.,... 

CIO2 Can be generated on site Low pH dependency Low sensitivity to hydrocarbons Effective in low concentrations Explosive gas Safety problems Toxic by-products... 

Adjaye, J. D., Katikaneni, S. P. R., Bakhshi, N. N. Catalytic conversion of a biofuel to hydrocarbons effect of mixtures of HZSM-5 and silica-alumina catalysts on product distribution. Fuel Process Technol 1996,48,115-143. 

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