Hydroalcoholic

Hydroalcoholic extracts are made when the active constituents are insoluble in water or when a concentrated dosage form is desired. Hydro alcoholic extracts use concentrated alcohol in varying proportions with water as a solvent. Hydroalcoholic extracts are categorized as tinctures or fluid extracts, depending on the amount of alcohol used. Some patients who simply do not like the taste of alcohol may be counseled to put the dosage of tincture drops into a cup of hot liquid and let it stand for a few minutes to evaporate off most of the alcohol before ingestion. An example of an ethanolic extract is echinacea [5,6]. 

Personal Care Hydroalcoholic Skin Care Emulsions. Uniqema, http //surfactants. net/formulary/uniqema/pcm 14. html... 

Generally, alkaline saponification in hydroalcoholic KOH is the most widespread approach [11 13]. This allows us to cleave ester bonds and, if necessary, to separate the saponifiable fraction (acids) and unsaponificable fraction (alcohols, sterols, and hydrocarbons). Generally, 3 h of saponification in 10% KOH in water/methanol (3 1) at 60 °C achieves a quantitative yield for triglycerides. Wax esters are less prone to hydrolysis and generally need stronger conditions. Quantitative hydrolysis of beeswax long chain esters has been obtained using 10% KOH in ethanol assisted by microwaves, for 60 min at 80 °C and at 200 W [21],... 

Elixirs are clear oral solutions in which the vehicle is a hydroalcoholic mixture containing potent or nauseating drugs. Elixirs are pleasantly flavored and attractively colored. The presence of hydroalcoholic vehicle in an elixir makes it possible to include both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble substances in solution. In comparison to syrups, elixirs are less sweet and less viscous because of lower sugar content. From the manufacturing aspects and from the stability standpoint, elixirs are favored over syrups. 

J.H.Y. Vilegas, F.M. Lancas, J.-N. Wauters, L. Angenot, Characterization of adulteration of Espinheira Santa (Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus aquifolium, Celastraceae) hydroalcoholic extracts with Sorocea bomplandii (Moraceae) by high-performance thin layer chromatography. Phytochem. Anal. 9 (1998) 263-266. 

In flavoring liquid pharmaceutical products, the flavoring agent is added to the solvent or vehicle component of the formulation in which it is most soluble or miscible. That is, water-soluble flavorants are added to the aqueous component of a formulation and poorly water-soluble flavorants are added to the alcoholic or other nonaqueous solvent component of the formulation. In a hydroalcoholic or other multisolvent system, care must be exercised to maintain the flavorant in solution. This is accomplished by maintaining a sufficient level of solvent in which the flavorant is soluble. 

Using this procedure, D- and L-a-amino acids have been enantiodifferentiated in the gas phase. ESI of hydroalcoholic solutions of the amino acid and CUCI2 into the source of an ion trap mass spectrometer reveals the presence of singly charged, covalently bound dimeric and trimeric ions. Table 10 reports the CID results of the diastereomeric complexes [A/ -Cu -(ref)2-H] and [As-Cu (ref)2-H]. ... 

The anodic oxidation of 2,5-dihydro-l//-l-benzazepines in slightly acidic hydroalcoholic medium gives 5H-1-benzazepines in moderate yields... 

Soulimani R, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, Misslin R, Derrieu G, Pelt JM. (1991). Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis in the mouse. Planta Med. 57(2) 105-9. 

To work with a homogeneous series of chitosans with the same distribution of degrees of polymerization but different DAs, a starting sample of chitosan of DA 5.2% was reacetylated. Acetylation was performed with Acetic Anhydride in a hydroalcoholic medium. Characteristics of the various prepared chitosan samples are given in table 1. (Adapted from Montembault et ah, 2005)... 

Chestnut Sample freezing, sugar extraction with hydroalcoholic solution 80% (v/v), centrifugation Amino (Kromasil 100NH2, 25x0.46cm, 5 pm) ACN/H2O (80/20 v/v) ELS [83]... 

Powdered hydroalcoholic extract of the leaf was administered to Syrian golden hamster (ChCM). The extract was added to the... 

Tincture. An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from biological substances or from chemical substances. 

Es-Safi, N.E. et al.. New phenolic compounds obtained by evolution of (+)-catechin and glyoxylic acid in hydroalcoholic medium. Tetrahedron Lett. 41, 1917, 2000. 

St. John s wort, also known as hypericum, contains a variety of constituents that might contribute to its claimed pharmacologic activity in the treatment of depression. Hypericin, a marker of standardization for currently marketed products, was thought to be the primary antidepressant constituent. Recent attention has focused on hyperforin, but a combination of several compounds is probably involved. Commercial formulations are usually prepared by soaking the dried chopped flowers in methanol to create a hydroalcoholic extract that is then dried. 

The hypericin fraction was initially reported to have MAO-A and -B inhibitor properties. Later studies found that the concentration required for this inhibition was higher than that achieved with recommended dosages. In vitro studies using the commercially formulated hydroalcoholic extract have shown inhibition of nerve terminal reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. While the hypericin constituent did not show reuptake inhibition for any of these systems, the hyperforin constituent did. Chronic administration of the commercial extract has also been reported to significantly down-regulate the expression of cortical 13 adrenoceptors and up-regulate the expression of serotonin receptors (5-HT2) in a rodent model. 

The most common commercial formulation of St. John s wort is the dried hydroalcoholic extract. Products should be standardized to 2-5% hyperforin, although most still bear the older standardized marker of 0.3% hypericin. The recommended dosing for mild to moderate depression is 900 mg of the dried extract per day in three divided doses. Onset of effect may take 2-4 weeks. Long-term benefits beyond 12 weeks have not been sufficiently studied. 

Ndumu et al. evaluated the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica seed oil against the larvae of this parasite [95]. They administered the oil as hydroalcoholic solutions ranging 4.2-100% and computed the mortality within 60 hours. Authors observed that the mortality of larvae was concentration and time dependent 100% mortality was observed with 100% pure neem oil after 48 h. The LD50 of different concentrations were 33.3% (56 h) and 66.7% (48 h). Author also observed little or no adverse effects on treated animals. Furthermore, they stated that the open wound caused by tick bites and therefore exposed to potential fungal and bacterial attacks, could be protected by the microbicidal properties of the neem oil. Previously, the effectiveness of neem oil was also observed by Williams and Mansingh against another tick species of the same genus, A. cajennense, another cattle tick [96]. 

Table 3 Recommended Neutralizers for Use in Hydroalcoholic Systems with Carbomers...

Rafiee-Tehrani M, Mehramizi A. In vitro release studies of piroxicam from oil-in-water creams and hydroalcoholic gel topical formulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000 26(4) 409-414. 

Islam MT, Rodriguez-Hornedo N, Ciotti S, Ackermann C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of neutralizer-carbomer and surfactant-carbomer interactions in aqueous, hydroalcoholic, and anhydrous gel formulations. AAPS J 2004 6(4) arti-... 

Topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis and tinea corporis Ciclopirox Loprox Dimethicone copolyol 190, carbomer 980/sodimn hydroxide Hydroalcoholic... 

Topical treatment of acne vulgaris Erythromycin Erygel Hydroxypropyl cellulose Hydroalcoholic... 

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