Husks

The seeds and fmits of plants are often attached to hairs or fibers or encased ia a husk that may be fibrous. These fibers are ceUulosic based and of commercial importance, especially cotton (qv), the most important natural textile fiber. 

Goir. This fiber, obtained from husks of the fmit of the coconut palm. Cocos nucifera (palm family, Arecaceae), is mainly produced ia ladia and Sri... 

Lanka. The fruits are broken by hand or machine, and the fiber extracted from the broken husks from which the coconut has been removed for copra. The husks are retted ia rivers, and the fiber separated by hand beating with sticks or by a decortication machine. The fibers are washed, dried, and hackled, and used ia upholstery, cordage, fabrics, mats, and bmshes. 

Locust Bean Gum. Locust bean gum [9000-40-2] is produced by milling the seeds from the leguminous evergreen plant, Ceratonia siliqua or carob tree, which is widely grown in the Mediterranean area. Pods produced by the carob tree consist of a husk, embryo, and endosperm. The latter, the source of the gum, is separated from the tough outer husk and the yeUow embryo tissue by a variety of rolling and milling operations, and subsequently is milled into a fine powder (60). 

Specific terms have been designated according to the function and composition of various roUs. Steel roUs that impose pressure, transmit heat, and emboss a pattern onto the fabric are known as pattern roUs. Flexible surface roUs that transport the fabric and permit pressure transmission to the fabric are termed bowl roUs or bowls. Bowl roUs are usually larger in diameter than pattern roUs. The material used to make these types of roUs is chosen according to the depth of surface smoothness to be placed on the fabric being calendered, and must be compatible with the pattern roU. Cellulose pulp, cotton, wool, cotton—wool mixtures, com husk, and various polymer materials are used as fillers for the roU surface compound. 

Oxahc acid manufacture via the oxidation of carbohydrates is stiU actively pursued, especially in China (10—12). In India, processes which produce sihca and oxahc acid have been developed (13,14). The raw materials include agricultural wastes, such as rice husks, nut shell flour, com cobs, baggase, straw, etc. 

Coconut oil [8001-31-8] is one of the primary vegetable oils used in the manufacture of soap products. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried fmit (copra) of the coconut palm tree. The fmit is dried either in the sun or over open fires from burning the husks of the fmit, with the oil pressed out of the dried fmit. 

Fig. 4. Malt mill with six rollers and shaking screens (1 = flour 2 = husks 3 = flue grits and, 4 = coarse grain).

The lauter tun is a cylindrical vessel provided with an extra perforated bottom about 1—10 cm above the real bottom. Using the lauter tun the wort is separated and sparged through a filter bed built up by the husks deposited on the perforated bottom. The yield is 3—10 brews per 24 h. 

Juglone [481-39-0] (Cl Natural Brown 7 Cl 75500) was isolated from the husks of walnuts in 1856 (50). Juglone belongs to the Juglandaceae family of which there are a number of species Jug/ans cinerea (butter nuts), J. regia (Persian walnuts), and J. nigra (black walnuts). Persian walnuts were known to the ancient Romans who brought them over from Asia Minor to Europe. As early as 1664, the American colonists knew how to extract the brown dye from the nuts of the black walnut and butternut trees, both native to eastern North America (51). 

The two intermediates of commercial furan resins are furfural and furfuryl alcohol. Furfural occurs in the free state in many plants but is obtained commercially by degradation of hemicellulose constituents present in these plants. There are a number of cheap sources of furfural, and theoretical yields of over 20% (on a dry basis) may be obtained from both com cobs and oat husks. In practice yields of slightly more than half these theoretical figures may be obtained. In the USA furfural is produced in large quantities by digestion of com cobs with steam and sulphuric acid. The furfural is removed by steam distillation. 

Balg. m. skin bellows husk, pod, shell chaff (Med.) cyst follicle, -auszug, m. bellows extension, -frucbt, /. (Bot.) follicle, -ge-schwulst, n. (Med.) cystic tumor. 

Hlilse,/. hull, husk, pod, shell case cartridge case (MocA.) socket, collar, sleeve, etc. vial capsule spool, bobbin, hulsenartig, a. like a hull, socket, etc. (see HUlse) leguminous. 

---