Human milk pesticides

E. A. Hogendoom, G. R. van der Hoff and P. van Zoonen, Automated sample clean-up and fractionation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk using NP-HPEC with column-switching , J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 12 784-789 (1989). 

Alawi MA, Ammari N, Al-Shuraiki. 1992. Organochlorine pesticide contaminations in human milk samples from women living in Amman, Jordan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 23 235-239. 

Bordet F, Mallet J, Maurice L, et al. 1993. Organochlorine pesticide and PCB congener content of French human milk. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 50 425-432. 

Kanja LW, Skaare JU, Ojwang SBO, et al. 1992. A comparison of organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal adipose tissue, maternal blood, cord blood, and human milk from mother/infant pairs. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 22 21-24. 

A review on the usage of POP pesticides in China, with emphasis on DDT loadings in human milk M.H. Wong, A.O.W. Leung, J.K.Y. Chan and M.P.K. Choi. 

In the human studies described below, levels of organochlorine pesticides were measured in various tissues of adults at autopsy in stillborn infants and newborns at autopsy and in body fat, human milk, and serum. With the exception of one study (Stehr-Green et al. 1986), all of the studies are limited by the unknown exposure history of the individuals. 

In the past (prior to 1974), exposure of humans to heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide was directly related to the application of heptachlor as an insecticide. However, because of the persistence and bioaccumulation of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, exposure of the general population can occur through ingestion of contaminated food (especially cow s or maternal human milk), inhalation of vapors from contaminated soil and water, or direct contact with residual heptachlor from pesticide application. People whose homes have been treated may continue to be exposed to these chemicals in the air over long periods. Occupational exposure can occur in the manufacture of the chemical or from use of heptachlor to control fire ants. The most likely routes of exposure at hazardous waste sites are unknown. Heptachlor has been found infrequently in soil and groundwater at hazardous waste sites. Children who eat contaminated soil or people who obtain tap water from wells located near hazardous waste sites might be exposed to heptachlor. Also, since both compounds can volatilize from soil, people living near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to the compounds in the air. 

Jonsson V, Liu GJK, Armbruster J, et al. 1977. Chlorohydrocarbon pesticide residues in human milk in greater St. Louis, Missouri 1977. Am J Clin Nutr 30 1106-1109. 

Takahashi W, Saidin D, Takei G, et al. 1981. Organochloride pesticide residues in human milk in Hawaii 1979-1980. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27 506-511. 

Takei GH, Kauahikaua SM, Leong GH. 1983. Analyses of human milk samples collected in Hawaii for residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 30 606-613. 

Furst P et al Human milk as a bioindicator for body burden of PCDDs, PCDFs, organo-chlorine pesticides, and PCBs. Environ Health Perspect 102 187, 1994... 

Y Pico, E Viana, G Font, J Manes. Determination of organochlorine pesticide content in human milk and infant formulas using solid phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 43 1610-1615, 1995. 

MP Seymour, TM Jefferies, LJ Notarianni. An analysis of PCBs an organochlorine pesticides by capillary gas chromatography-a modern approach to PCB-OCP residue analysis of human milk. Anal Proc 23 260-261, 1986. 

MP Seymour, TM Jefferies, AJ Floyd, LJ Notarianni. Routine determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated diphenils in human milk using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst 112 427-431, 1987. 

Reference ranges have been established for arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, platinum, nickel in blood and urine pentachlorophenol and metabolites of organophosphorus in serum and urine PCBs, fi-HCH, HCB, DDE in blood organochlorine pesticides (fi-HCH, HCB, total DDT) in human milk... 

It is difficult to assess human exposure to pesticides. Several studies have measured pesticide residues in human fat (MAFF, 1995) or human milk (MAFF, 1997), as both matrices are good indicators of long-term exposure, but they tell little of the subject s exposure to short-lived pesticides such as the OPs or pyrethroids. 

Levels of pesticide residues in human milk from women from different countries give an indication of exposure to pesticides in their respective countries (Table 10.8). For example, in the USA, p,p -DDT was found at 0.039 mg.kg"1 (Mattison et al., 1992) in human milk, whereas in milk from women in Faridkot in India a... 

DDT and PCBs remain the most widespread contaminants in human milk around the world. Other common contaminants of mother s milk include flame retardants, pesticides, wood preservatives, toilet deodorizers, and dry-cleaning fluids. 

Campoy, M., et al., 2001. Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human milk Preliminary results. Early Human Dev. 65(Supplement), S183-S190. 

Yu, H.F., Zhu, Z.Q., et al., 2001. Pollution level of organochlorine pesticides (DDT, HCHs) in human milk of Beijing City, 1998. China Public Health (Chinese) 17, 735. 

Banerjee et al. (1997) found 3.4 times higher levels of HCHs in 61 milk samples from Delhi than those from Lucknow (Siddiqui et al., 1981a). Sanghi et al. (2003) found endosulfan, malathion, chloropyrifos, methyl-parathion and HCHs in human milk samples collected from Bhopal, India. Again, with respect to the classical organochlorine pesticides in mothers milk in big cities and rural areas in the present decade, Nair et al. (1996) found 1.27 mg l-1 fat wt. of DDTs and 0.33 mg l-1 fat wt. of... 

Kalra, R.L., Singh, B., Battu, R.S., 1994. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk in Punjab, India. Environ. Pollut. 85, 147-151. 

Yakushiji, T., Watanabe, I., Kuwabara, K., Yoshida, S., Koyama, K., Kunito, N., 1979. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human milk and blood collected in Osaka prefecture from 1972-1977. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 43, 1-15. 

Stuetz, W., Prapamontol, T., Erhardt, J.G., Classen, H.G., 2001. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk of a Hmong hill tribe in northern Thailand. Sci. Total Environ. 

Burke, E.R., Holden, A.J., Shaw, I.C., Suharyanto, F.X., Sihombing, G., 2003. Organo-chlorine pesticide residues in human milk from primiparous women in Indonesia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 71, 148-155. 

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