Human heavy chain genes

Abciximab (ReoPro) was the first partially humanized antibody approved for therapeutic use. It was produced from transgenic murine melanoma cells containing human heavy-chain genes so that the resulting Fab fragment is a chimera of human and mouse Ab fragments. Abciximab binds to the glycoprotein llb/llla... 

Cassatella, M. A., Hartman, L., Perussia, B., Trinchieri, G. (1989). Tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon synergistically induce cytochrome b.245 heavy-chain gene expression and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogenase oxidase in human leukemic myeloid cells. J. Clin. Invest. 83,1570-9. 

Johnson, M.T., Natali, A.M., , H.M., et al. (1984). Polymorphisms of human variable heavy chain gene showing linkage with constant heavy chain genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 7840-7844. 

Walter, M.A., Surti, U., Hofker, M.H., et al. (1990). The physical organization of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain gene complex. EMBO J, 9, 3303-3313. 

Hofker, M.H., Walter, M.A., Cox, D.W. (1989). Complete physical map of the human heavy chain constant region gene complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86,5567-5571. 

Kirsch, I.R., Morton, C.C., Nakahara, K., Leder, P. (1982). Human immunoglobulin heavy chain genes map to a region of translocations in malignant B lymphocytes. Science 216,301-303. 

VDJ Cn C6 Cy3 Cyl CcpE Cal Cq>y Cy2 Cy4 Ce Ca2 Figure 3.2 Human and mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. 

Zhang, K., Mills, F.C. and Saxon, A. (1994b). Switch circles from IL-4-directed epsilon class switching from human B lymphocytes. Evidence for direct, sequential, and multiple step sequential switch from mu to epsilon Ig heavy chain gene. J. Immunol. 152, 3427-3435. 

Matsuoka R, Yoshida MC, Furutani Y, Imamura S-i, Kanda N, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T, Takao A (1993) Human smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene mapped to chromosomal region 16ql2. Am J Med Gen 46 61-67... 

Weiss, A., McDonough, D., Wertman,B., Acakpo-Satchivi, L., Montgomery,K., Kucherlapati,R., Leinwand,L. and Krauter,K. Organization of human and mouse skeletal myosin heavy chain gene clusters is highly conserved... 

Organization of human and mouse skeletal myosin heavy chain gene clusters is highly conserved" ... 

Long, K. R., J. A. Trofatter, V. Ramesh, M. K McCormick, and A. J. Buckler. (1996). Cloning and characterization of a novel human clathrin heavy chain gene (CLTCL). Genomics, Vol.35, p>p.466-472... 

Clear evidence has been available for a number of years in the human system that the level of a specific Ig is closely related to allotype. This was first described in the IgG3 system where normal individuals of the (b) type have twice the IgG3 level of those with the (g) allotype . Similar observations have been made for IgG4 and recently for IgD . In the latter study it was possible to show this effect even though no genetic markers are available for IgD. However, because the Ig heavy chain genes are so closely linked it was possible to utilize the allelic markers of IgG for such a study. Marked differences were encountered. 

Newburger, P. E., Dai, Q., Whitney, C. (1991). In vitro regulation of human phagocyte cytochrome b heavy and light chain gene expression by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and recombinant human cytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 266,16171-7. 

Lefranc, M. R, Hammarstrom, L., Smith, C. I. E., and Lefranc, G., Gene deletions in the human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region locus Molecular and immunological analysis. Immunol. Rev. 2, 265-281 (1991). 

Dersimonian, H., Schwartz, R.S., Barrett, K.J., et al. (1987). Relationship of human variable region heavy chain germline genes to genes encoding anti-DNA autoantibodies. J. Immunol., 139, 2496-2501. 

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