Amphoteric surfactants amine oxides

Cationic surfactant Cationic surfactant 35% active amphoteric Ether amine oxide Mi 1d surfactant Proprietary amine oxide Dialkyl quaternary... 

Other hard surface applications rely on amphoteric and amine oxide surfactants to enhance viscosity in highly acidic or alkaline formulas. Some liquid toilet bowl cleaners, for instance, are formulated within a pH range of 2-4 [45]. Also, amphoteric surfactants and amine oxides have been demonstrated to provide good gelation and stability in compounds containing peracetic acid [46]. 

Owing to their compatibility with cationic biocides, amphoteric and amine oxide surfactants continue to be used widely in the development and formulation of disinfectants and sanitizers for personal care, household, industrial, and institutional markets. For instance, substituted imidazoline amphoteric surfactants, in combination with didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, have been found to display unexpected synergistic irritation reduction compared to formulas with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides [57]. Also, imidazoline derivatives and betaines are known to impart moderate cleansing without causing skin roughness, stickiness, or irritating reactions with cationic disinfectants [58], Amphoteric surfactants are also suitable for use in antimicrobial medications requiring subcutaneous, cutaneous, or mucosal membrane administration [36]. 

The sulfated alkylbenzenesulfonamides (no. 7-8) and alkylaroylsulfo-propionates (no. 9) were found to be efficient lime soap dispersants [27]. Although the nonionics (nos. 10-11) had low LSDR values they did not potentiate the detergency of soap and exhibited some antagonism. Amphoteric surfactants with alkyl side chains from C12 to C18 (nos. 12-13) possessed the lowest LSDR values, ranging from 2 to 4. The amine oxide derived from an aromatic sulfonamide had a low LSDR of 5 close to that of amphoterics. 

From the ESI-FIA-MS(+) spectrum in Fig. 2.5.10(b), the amphoteric amine oxide surfactants ([M]+ ions at m/z 230, 258 and 286) and their dimeric ions ([2M - H]+ at m/z 459 and 487 (230 combined with 258)) could be recognised. The identity of the amine oxides was confirmed by recording product ions of the [M]+ ion at m/z 230 before the parent ion scan of fragment m/z 58 and vice versa was recorded for confirmation. This spectrum contained the A m/z 28 equally spaced characteristic amine oxide homologue ions at m/z 230, 258 and 286. 

This ESI(+) TIC, however, is dominated by strong and broad signals that eluted between 17 and 31 min, neither observable under APCI(+/—) nor ESI(-) conditions. Even under gradient RP-C18 conditions a strong tailing effect was observed while isocratic RP-C18 failed. The information obtained by ESI—LC—MS(+) was that the compounds could be ionised in the form of [M]+ ions at m/z 230, 258 and 286. ESI-LC-MS-MS(+) resulted in product ion spectra which, by means of a MS-MS library, were found to be characteristic for the amphoteric amine oxide surfactants. These compounds not yet observed in household formulations will be presented later on with the RIC of LC separation (cf. Fig. 2.5.11(d)). After identification as amine oxides, the separation and detection of this compound mixture now could be achieved by an isocratic elution using a PLRP-column and methane sulfonic acid and ESI(+) ionisation with the result of sharp signals (RT = 4-6 min) as presented in Fig. 2.5.11(d). 

Tomah Alkali Surfactant Amphoteric (35% Active) Tomah AO-14-2 Ether amine oxide surfactant... 

The asymmetrical tertiary amines are used exclusively as starting materials for the manufacture of quaternary ammonium compounds, cationic and amphoteric surfactants, and amine oxides. Quaternary ammonium compounds used as bactericides and algicides are produced by the reaction of tertiary amines with benzyl chloride, methyl chloride, or dimethyl sulfate. Of these, the benzyl ammonium chloride salt is the most widely used. 

Amphoteric surfactants, in particular betaines, especially cocoamidopropyl betaine, typically provide synergistic benefits with anionic surfactants [18]. Similar to the benefits of amine oxides, they have been found to mitigate the inherent... 

Amphoterics — substituted aminoacids, sulphobetaines, amine oxides — are less substantive and more expensive than cationic surfactants [52], They deliver more softness and a better static control than nonionic surfactants they also better withstand the subsequent launderings. 

Tegotain. [Goldschmidt AG] Amine oxides or betaines foam booster, antistat, thickener, mild amphoteric surfactant. 

Alpha sulfo methyl ester Alpha sulfo methyl ester (37%) Amine oxide Aminomethyl propanol Amphoteric surfactant Amphoteric (35% active)... 

These types of surfactants exhibit anionic properties at high pH and cationic properties at low pH and may be categorized as [87] jS-iV-alkylaminopropionic acids, TZ-alkyl-yS-iminodipropionic acids, imidazoline carboxylates, W-alkylbetaines and amine oxides. The sulfobetaines are amphoteric at all values of pH. These surfactants are not commonly used in emulsion polymerization formulations. 

Zwitterionic surfactants have positive and negative charges on the head group. Amphoteric surfactants have a head group with a pH-dependent charge. The amine oxide shown in Fig. 3 is zwitterionic at high pH, but becomes cationic as protonation occurs at low pH. Because amphoteric surfactants are generally zwitterionic at some pH. and zwitterionic surfactants are often amphoteric, in practice, the terms zwitterionic and amphoteric are used as synonyms, and the term ampholytic is used to describe both surfactant types. 

Additionally, there needs to be a word about surfactant terminology. The categorization of amine oxide surfactants in various sources can be as nonionic, cationic, or even amphoteric, depending on the author. In this discussion amine oxide surfactants are classed as nonionic surfactants. Also, the... 

Alkanolamides Alkyl sulfonates Amine oxides Amphoteric surfactants Anionic surfactants Cocoamidopropyl betaine Betaine derivatives Amido guanidines Disulfonates... 

Importantly, stability and performance at acidic and alkaline pH extremes are a signature characteristic of these surfactants. Thus, for example, commercial amphoterics such as dihydroxyethyl alkyl glycinate are considered to be excellent thickeners for strongly alkaline oven as well as acid toilet bowl cleaners. Amine oxides enjoy similar properties. Resistance to both acids and bases make them suitable for use in products such as hypochlorite and phosphoric acid hard surface cleaners, hair dyes, corrosion inhibitors, and printing inks [4]. 

Most recent patent references to amphoteric surfactants and amine oxides in the pharmaceutical industry involve the development of new diagnostic test methods, such as immunochemical assays and improved genetic diagnostic methods. In these applications, selective use of amphoteric surfactants has been shown to enhance the sensitivity of detection [77-79],... 

The use of amphoteric surfactants in heavy industry is a broad topic, encompassing such varied applications as oil well and mining fluids, fire-fighting foams, printing inks, wastewater effluent recovery aids, leather softeners, electroplating bath additives, and corrosion inhibitors [54,80-87] with respect to amine oxides, there are also numerous references to the production of cellulose films and fibers [88-92], Clearly, developments involving amphoteric surfactants in these sectors will, ultimately, have an impact on their consumption and availability in consumer markets and elsewhere. 

Amphoteric surfactants comprise a broad range of compounds, which display nonionic, cationic, or even anionic tendencies depending on pH or in-use conditions. Betaines, imadazoline-derived amphoacetates, alkylamino propionates, and glycinates are generally included in this category. Amine oxides, which may exhibit nonionic or cationic characteristics depending on pH conditions, are also included in this category. 

MAZOX Amine Oxides are nonionic surfactants at neutral or alkaline pH ranges. In acidic solutions, amine oxides are mildly cationic. They are also fully biodegradable and compatible with all types of surfactants, such as anionics, cationics, nonionics and amphoterics. 

The polymer-surfactant complex has high surfeice viscosity and elasticity (i.e. surfeice viscoelasticity), both will enhance the foam stability (see below). The amphoteric surfactants such as betaines and the phospholipid surfeictants when used in conjunction with alkyl sulfeites or alkyl ether sulfeites can also enhance the foam stability. All these molecules strengthen the film of surfactant at the air/water interface, thus modifying the lather from a loose lacy structure to a rich, dense, small bubble size, luxurious foam. Several foam boosters have been suggested and these include fatty acid alkanolamide, amine oxides. Fatty alcohol and fatty acids can also act as foam boosters when used at levels of 0.25-0.5 %. Several approaches have been considered to explain foam stability (a) Surface viscosity and elasticity theory The adsorbed surfeictant film is assumed to control the mechanical-dynamical properties of the surface layers by virtue of its surface viscosity and elasticity. This may be true for thick films (> 100 nm) whereby intermolecular forces are less dominant. Some correlations... 

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