House dust phthalate concentration

Table 6 Literature survey on levels of most commonly used phthalates and their substitutes in house dust (median concentrations and in brackets P95 concentrations, results expressed in pg/g) and in indoor air samples (median concentrations, results expressed in ng/m )... 

Because of volatilization and leaching from their application in consumer and personal care products, phthalate esters are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environment, and the levels found in dust from homes in different countries (Table 2), showed that the less volatile phthalates such as DEHP and BBP, are the predominant in dust samples [11,16, 74], and that the percentage of both carpet and plastic materials (furniture, decoration, and home electronics) could be associated with higher concentrations of BBP and DEHP in house dust [12, 74, 75]. The proportion of DiNP in house dust from Germany in 2009 [12], indicates that the... 

Clausen, P.A., Bille, R.LL, Nilsson, T., Hansen, V., Svensmark, B. and ISowadl, S. (2003) Simultaneous extraction of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and non-ionic surfactants from house dust. Concentrations in floor dust from 15 Danish schools. 

Table 11.5 Concentrations of phthalates in house dust (mgkg ) ...

It is desirable to collect as many different matrices from each study participant as is feasible and to process them with consideration of both immediately planned analyses of biomarkers and future uses. For example, several Children s Environmental Health Centers obtained urine, peripheral blood, cord blood, breast milk, meconium, saliva, hair, placental tissue, infant formula, indoor and outdoor air, and house dust from longitudinal birth cohort studies (Eskenazi et al. 2005). The centers have analyzed concentrations of numerous compounds in those biologic and environmental samples, such as pesticides, phthalates, mercury, lead, cotinine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone (PAHs), PAH-DNA adducts, allergens, endotoxin, antioxidant micronutrients, cholinesterase, and thyroid hormones. Most centers also banked samples for future analyses. 

BBP <100 (median) <100 - 750 Private homes in Northern Germany (2000) with high concentrations of phthalates in house dust, n = 24 Hostrup Butte ... 

First, but very few, results on the occurrence of phthalates indoors were collected by Warns.The first report on the occurrence of a flame retardant plasticizer in house dust was on TDCPP. Sellstrom and Jansson mentioned it to be present in one out of two Swedish dust samples (from vacuum cleaner bags) but gave no concentration. In the last years however, quite a few results on phthalates and organophosphate plasticizers have been published. Some of them are compiled in Tables 17.5.5 and 17.5.6. 

Phthalate exposure has been associated with respiratory symptoms in both male and female children and adults. Individual studies have used a variety of endpoints and identified links with several different phthalates. BBzP in house dust was associated with childhood eczema, a persistent skin rash that may be related to the development of an allergic phenotype, in a cross-sectional Swedish case control study (Bomehag et al. 2004). Similarly, prenatal concentrations of the urinary metabohte of BBzP were positively associated with a report of early eczema in an urban cohort of children from New York City (Just et al. 2012b). Although lacking direct exposure measures, PVC materials in the home such as plastic wall materials or PVC flooring... 

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