Hormones clinical aspects

Cutolo, M. et al., Sex hormones influence on the immune system Basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity, Lupus, 13, 635, 2004. 

Lewy AJ, Numberger JI, Wehr TA Supersensitivity to light possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 142 725-727, 1985 Lewy AJ, Hughes RJ, Bauer VK, et al Melatonin modulation of brain and behavior clinical aspects, in Hormonal Modulation of Brain and Behavior. Edited by Halbreich U. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press (in press ... 

Flyvbjerg A, Orskov H. Diabetic angiopathy new experimental and clinical aspects. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2005, 37, 1-3. 

Fotherby K, Progesterone IL Clinical aspects. In Gray CH, James VHT, eds. Hormones in blood. 3rd ed. London Academic Press Ltd, 1979 439-91. 

Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone levels should be measured in any patient with a goiter to determine the hormonal status. TSH concentrations increase with age, but the levels remain within the normal range in the healthy population throughout life up to 100 years of age (Canaris et al., 2000 Mariotti et al, 1995). See Chapter 106 by Diez and Iglesias on Hypothyroidism in the Middle Aged and Elderly Clinical Aspects for details of thyroid hormone changes in the elderly. Serum calcitonin levels are not needed unless there is a family history of medullary thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2. 

De Lange WE, Doorenbos H (1975) Miscellaneous hormones. In Dukes MNG (ed) Mey-ler s side effects of drugs. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 928-933 Devlin JG (1975) Hormone resistance and hypersensitivity. In Gell PGH, Coombs RRA, Lachmann PJ (eds) Clinical aspects of immunology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp 963-986... 

Reviews and Meetings - An excellent review is that of Swyer on "Fertility Control Achievements and Prospects". highly pertinent reviews by the World Health Organization seem only to have become available recently. These are "Clinical Aspects of Oral 6estogens"5 and "Mechanism of Action of Sex Hormones and Analogous Substances"S5. An article entitled "Pharmacologic Alteration of Steroid Hormone Functions"S6 included a section on reproduction and contraception. The two feature articles by Kiefers fully examined the problem of overpopulation in terms of philosophies, prospects, present activities and possible future actions. 

Chrousos GP, MacLusky NJ, Brandon DD, Tomita M, Renquist DM, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB Progesterone resistance. In Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Lipsett MB Steroid Hormone Resistance Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects. New York Plenum Press (pub) 1986... 

Maggi A, Enna SJ Regional alterations in rat brain neurotransmitter systems following chronic lithium treatment. J Neurochem 34 888-892, 1980 Maggi A, Perez J Minireview role of female gonadal hormones in the CNS clinical and experimental aspects, life Sci 37 893-906, 1985 Maitre L, Baltzer V, Mondadori C Psychopharmacological and behavioural effects of anti-epileptic drugs in animals, in Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Edited by Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1984, pp 3-13... 

The clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are listed in Table 31-2. From a pharmacotherapeutic standpoint, hyperthyroidism is treated with drugs that attenuate the synthesis and effects of thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism is usually treated by thyroid hormone administration (replacement therapy). The general aspects and more common forms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are discussed here, along with the drugs used to resolve these primary forms of thyroid dysfunction. 

A. Maggi and J. Perez, Role of female gonadal hormones in the CNS clinical and experimental aspects, Life Sci. 37 893 (1985). 

A critical question concerns the possible value of dietary intervention as a preventive or therapeutic measure. There is little doubt that fat intake influences breast cancer development in rodents at levels which are found in the human diets. However, conclusive evidence is lacking about the quantitative and qualitative aspects of these processes and how fat in diets may be modified to reduce human cancer incidence. It is likely that dietary intervention may prove useful initially as a preventive or therapeutic measure in isolated groups of high risk individuals. As genetic, hormonal, and immunologic risk factors became more clearly defined, individuals at high risk and those with breast cancer may benefit from therapeutic low-fat diets whose efficacy will require assessment in well-designed clinical studies. 

The lowered detection limits of the newer two-site immunoassays for the measurement of pituitary hormones now make it possible to distinguish an abnormally low value from the lower end of the normal reference interval. Although assessment of a particular aspect of pituitary function should also include clinical signs and symptoms of hormone deficiency and the measurement of hormones secreted by the pertinent endocrine gland (e.g., T4, cortisol, and testosterone), the newer, ultrasensitive assays for TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH allow for an accurate distinction of a true low result from low normal. A scheme for testing of pituitary reserve is fisted in Box 50-6. 

Laue, L., Lotze, M.T., Chrousos, G.P., Barnes, K., Loriaux, D.L. and Fleisher, T.A. (1990) Effect of chronic treatment with the glucocorticoid antagonist RU 486 in man toxicity, immunological, and hormonal aspects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 71, 1474-1480. 

Volume 4 of this series covers again aspects of Clinical Chemistry ranging from discussions of analytical methods to reviews on the biochemistry of disease, centering around the physiology and pathology, for instance, of a hormone or of a vitamin, and including the pertinent chemical procedures. Recent developments in immunoelectrophoresis, microliter analysis, and flame photometry are treated with a view to their concrete applications. 

Thyroid hypofunction is the most common hormonal deficiency in the general population (Roberts and Ladenson, 2004). The prevalence of hypothyroidism seems to rise with age, and is clearly higher in middle age and the elderly in relation to the younger population. However, hypothyroidism in aged people may go unnoticed because of its paucity of clinical manifestations, or because many of the chnical signs and symptoms are unspecific and may be confounded with the normal ageing process (Di ez, 1998). We herein review the main chnical aspects of this common condition in middle age and in the elderly. 

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