Homogenisation tissue

To 15 ml of the sample of body fluid or homogenised tissue extract, add 3 ml of hydrochloric acid, and immerse in the liquid a 5 mm x 10 mm copper strip or a spiral of copper wire formed by winding the wire around a glass rod ten times heat gently for 2 hours. Remove the metal, wash gently with water and examine the surface. 

Solid sampling techniques enable direct analysis of the homogenised tissues. A number of such applications for analysing solid biological tissues have been reported (Chakrabarti et al., 1980 Lundgren and Johansson, 1974, Nordahl, 1990). However the dried tissue invariably needs to be solubilised for trace element analysis using techniques requiring the sample in a solution form (Fry and Denton, 1977 Hohl et al., 1989). 

Rcnsl dipcptidflsc (from porcine kidney cortex) [9031-96-3] Mr 47,000 [EC 3.4.13.11]. Purified by homogenising the tissue, extracting with Triton X-100, elimination of insoluble material, and ion-exchange, size exclusion and affinity chromatography. [Hitchcock et al. Anal Biochem 163 219 7957.]... 

A NT might be expected to be concentrated in nerve terminals and this can be ascertained since when nervous tissue is appropriately homogenised the nerve endings break off from their axons and surrounding elements and then reseal. Such elements are known as synaptosomes. They have been widely used to study NT release in vitro (Chapter 4) and some NT should always be found in them, at least if it is released from vesicles. 

Synaptosomes are pinched-ofP nerve terminals which become severed from the parent axon during gentle homogenisation of brain tissue and then subsequently reseal. They... 

Biological tissues Add water to tissue sample (at 50 C) and homogenise extract with carbon disulfide and analyze Gas chromatography flame ionization detector 0.5 ag/g No data Letz et al. 1984... 

The tissue is homogenised with Chloroform Methanol (2 1, v/v) to a final volume 20 times the volume of the tissue sample (1 g in 20 ml of solvent mixture). 

For example, if the purpose of the experiment is to study the speciation of an element in a specific cell type in a given tissue it is essential that all the extracellular fluid is removed from the tissue before the homogenisation step. This step could be followed by ultracentrifugation of the homogenate in order to separate the cell under study from others that may be present in the medium. An estimate of the degree of purity of the end product should be given. The harvested cells may then be further processed. 

Samples collected in field are usually preserved by freezing after dissecting into small pieces. Homogenisation and grinding to rupture cell membranes appear to be the most commonly used pre-treatment procedures for tissue matrices (e.g. fish muscle tissue) [38]. 

Natural and man-made porous media usually possess formidably complex microstructure, often hierarchical. In this paper we shall not discuss hierarchical microstructures revealed, for instance by fractured porous media and biological tissues like bone and soft tissue. However, recently developed stochastic reiterated homogenisation enables one to determine macroscopic properties of random porous media with hierarchical architecture, cf. [11],... 

Transfer the tissue to a flask with an equal volume of 0.25% trypsin in PBS-A at 37°C (Appendix 1). The flask may be a special trypsinisation flask obtainable from Bellco Glass Inc., NJ, or may be a Virtis or MSE homogenisation flask. 

After removal, larger organs and tissues are homogenised with Ultra-Turrax-appliances (e.g. Ika, Staufen, Germany) after addition of deionised water, the amount of which depended on the consistency of... 

Since the organs and tissues are not destroyed during a QWB A study (in contrast to the homogenisation of the organs and tissues for LSC-measurements), substructures can be distinguished clearly (e.g. adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex often show very different concentrations of radioactivity). 

Soft tissue which has been coarsely chopped canbebrokenupbya mixer, such as a Waring blender (left) for large scale work, or a Potter-Elvehjem homogeniser (right) for smaller scale work. 

Many cells are susceptible to the appreciable shearing forces that arise on repeated freezing and thawing, or to hypotonic buffers which cause cells to swell up, and in certain cases to lyse this is particularly the case for cells in soft plant and animal tissue. Such treatments only rarely lead to complete cell lysis, the exceptions to this being erythrocytes and reticulocytes which are lysed quantitatively under hypotonic conditions. Non-mechanical homogenisation is of particular relevance to cells like yeast which are refractory to other procedures. One of the simplest procedures for yeast, which can certainly not be described as gentle, is toluene-induced autolysis. This is carried out at room temperature and leads to permeabilisation of the cell walls this causes various hydrolases to be activated causing breakdown not only of the cell structure, but also (undesirably) of many sensitive proteins and nucleic acids in the cell. Consequently, this process is mainly of historical interest. 

In general, it appears that fixation by fast freezing, (for example, by clamping between aluminum blocks chilled in liquid nitrogen), followed by pulverisation in impaction mortars chilled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen, and finally rapid homogenisation of the frozen, powdered tissue in 0.1 N HCl, containing radioactively labelled cyclic nucleotides to determine recovery, is the most reliable method of fixation. 

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