Ultra-Turrax

Carrots (Boleo) were peeled by 2% NaOH at 88-96°C for 4 minutes, minced by a meat mincer (2 mm) and homogenised for 2 minutes by an ULTRA-TURRAX T25 homogenizer (from Jahne Kunkel). The carrot mash was preheated to 45°C (20 minutes) before the enzyme preparations, 25 mg enzyme protein/kg mash, were added. The enzymes were dissolved in water to give a dilution of 5% (v/v) of the carrot mash. The mash was incubated at 45°C under stirring (60 rpm) for 2 hours, before the enzymes were inactivated at 86°C for 5 minutes in a microwave oven. Finally the purees were homogenised for 1 minute by ULTRA TURRAX. The viscosity of the puree was measured by a BROOKFIELD viscosimeter Model DV-n + with spindle A from HELIPATH SPINDLE SET at 2.5 rpm thermosta-ted at 50°C. The stability of the puree was measured as the sediment (in %) after centrifugation in 10 ml tube a 1660 x g for 10 minutes. 

High-speed homogenizer, e.g., Ultra-Turrax (Jankeu. Kunkel, Staufen/Br., Germany)... 

The drug dissolved or dispersed in the melted lipid is poured into an aqueous emulsifier phase of the same temperature. By means of a rotor-stator homogenizer (e.g., an Ultra-Turrax), an o/w preemulsion is prepared and is then homogenized at high pressure and at a temperature at least 10°C above the melting point of the lipid. In most cases, nanoemulsion arises after only three to live homogenization cycles at 500 bar. Nanoparticles are formed by cooling the nanoemulsion to room temperature. 

Preparation of Emulsions. Monomer, water, and emulsifier were mixed in an apparatus similar to that described by Bartholome et al. (4, 6). However, instead of the Ultra-Turrax, a vibrating plate stirrer was used. 

Ultra Turrax homoblender (Janke and Kunkel, VWR) or an equivalent ultrasonic homogenizer... 

Blend 1 min in an Ultra Turrax homoblender while cooling in ice water. 

It is crucial that all cells break open so that all the starch granules and other cell contents are released. If cells are not broken open, then either homogenize further using the Ultra-Turrax or ring grinder. 

Extraction In order to extract the toxin from the matrix, solvents or mixtures of solvents (methylene chloride, bicarbonate solution, methanol-water, chloroform-water) are used. Two main types of apparatus are commonly used the mechanical shaker (Ultra-Turrax homogenizer, multi-Wrist, magnetic stirrer) or High-Speed Waring Blenders. Other, rarely used extraction procedures are Soxhlet-type extractors and, more recently, supercritical fluid extraction. The time of extraction ranges from a few minutes (3 - 5) to 1 hour, depending on the procedure employed. 

The candidate compound is added to the perfusate before the isolated liver is transferred to the perfusion setup. After 5 minutes recirculation in the system without the organ a sample of the perfusate is collected for determination of the starting concentration of the candidate compound (value at time 0). Then the isolated liver is connected to the perfusion chamber and subsequently samples of the perfusate are taken in 10 to 15 minute intervals as well as bile samples are taken in 15 minutes intervals for the determination of compound levels. The volume of excreted bile per 30 minutes is determined gravimetrically (difference between tube weight without and with bile per collection period) with the assumption that 1 g is equivalent to 1 ml of bile. If radioactive-labelled candidate compounds are used the intervals for bile collection can be much shorter (1 to 2 minutes). The liver is perfused for 2 hours and at the end of the perfusion experiment the liver is removed and immediately frozen for determination of tissue level of the compound in liquid nitrogen and later on stored at -20 °C until analysis. For analysis of tissue levels of the candidate compound the frozen livers are homogenized in water (1 g tissue in 1 ml water (or solvent to extract the candidate compound from the tissue)) using an ultra-turrax. 

The sample with the mixture of feces and distilled water is homogenized with the Ultra-Turrax intensively. The Ultra-Turrax should be cleaned rigorously before using it again. 

After removal, larger organs and tissues are homogenized with Ultra-Turrax appliances (for instance from Ika, Staufen, Germany) after addition of deionized water, the amount of which depended on the consistency of the tissue. Smaller tissues are finely cut. The specimens are dissolved in volumetric flasks at 60-70 °C in Solvable (Packard BioScience B.V. Groningen Netherlands) and water. Ethanol is added if required to prevent foam formation. Addition of approx. 0.2 ml Perhydrol (Riedel de Haen, Seelze, F.R.G.) is sufficient to remove discolorations. Measurements are then performed after addition of the scintillator. 

After removal, larger organs and tissues are homogenised with Ultra-Turrax-appliances (e.g. Ika, Staufen, Germany) after addition of deionised water, the amount of which depended on the consistency of... 

The synthesis was adapted from referenee [6]. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was dissolved in water-ethanol (molar ratio 9 1) with a homogenizer (Ultra-Turrax T25) at 293 K. Then the precursor P-CDAPS (dispersed in a water-ethanol mixture) and tetraethyl orthosilieate (TEOS) were added in varying proportions. The resulting mixture was stirred 1 h at 293 K and kept statically for 2 days at 373 K. The precipitate obtained was filtered. Surfactant elimination was performed using Soxhlet extraction over ethanol and water (2x400 ml for each solvent) and for 2 days each. The obtained product was dried under vacuum at 333 K for 1 day. The initial molar... 

Sodium powder is prepared by melting S g of carefully cleaned cut sodium metal in 250 mL of boiling xylenes. After removal of the heating bath a slow stream of nitrogen is passed over the solvent, and a high speed stirrer (20,000 rpm, e.g., Ultra-Turrax, model T 18/10) is introduced and run for 15 s. The finely divided metal is filtered and washed (three l5-mL portions of pentane) under inert gas and sucked dry. It can be stored in a dry box for months without loss of activity. ... 

Add 25 ml of water to liver and 5 ml of water to lung, spleen, and kidneys and homogenize the samples with the Ultra Turrax homogenizer (9,500 rpm). 

Preparation of grapes can be performed by adding an adequate aliquot of 10% HC104 to the destemmed sample, homogenizing using Ultra-turrax... 

In stirrer types acting according to the rotor/stator principle, the rotor is a turbine stirrer (Fig. 1.6), or a toothed ring (as implemented in the Ultra-Turrax from IKA Janke Kunkel [227], Fig. 1.7), which is surrounded by a baffle ring as stator. In this way extremely high shear forces are realized in a small space ( wet grinding ). 

Pulp. After homogenization by Ultra-Turrax and centrifugation at 4000g for 10 min, solid parts are washed with 50 mL of water, again centrifuged, and the clear liquid is reunited to the juice. The volume is adjusted to 250 mL by water and the solution is treated with 75 mg of pectolytic enzyme for 4h at room temperature. The sample is centrifuged and kept frozen until analysis. 

FIGURE 11.6 Active part of some emulsifying machines, (a) Rotor-stator type stirrer ( ultra-turrax ). (b) Colloid mill, (c) Valve of a high-pressure homogenizer. The slit width in (b) and (c) is greatly exaggerated. 

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