First devices

Successful research utilizing Coulombic charging in a SET-transistor based on chemically prepared nanoparticles has been reported. This simplest circuit reveals 

More recently Klein et al. used a 5.5-nm CdSe nanoparticle to fabricate a singleelectron transistor. The nanoparticle is bound to two closely spaced ( 5 nm) 

When the tip was positioned above the single carborane molecules, a transistor, consisting of a double junction (tip/molecule/HOPG) and closely situated gate electrodes (Au strips) was obtained. In this arrangement the junction capacitance was estimated to be 1 x 10 F. 

In the discussion of their results the authors pointed out that the explanation of the experimental data they obtained has to involve the discrete nature of the electronic structure of the carborane molecules, which act as the central electrode. 

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Lasers were still tools of elite scientists, though. Moving the technology from the lab and into the marketplace took years. The first devices produced in significant quantities were military systems in the early 1970s, followed by a small but growing number of industrial and medical lasers. The laser s time had finally come. 

The current-voltage and luminance-voltage characteristics of a state of the art polymer LED [3] are shown in Figure 11-2. The luminance of this device is roughly 650 cd/m2 at 4 V and the luminous efficiency can reach 2 lm/W. This luminance is more than adequate for display purposes. For comparison, the luminance of the white display on a color cathode ray tube is about 500 cd/m2l5J. The luminous efficiency, 2 lm/W, is comparable to other emissive electronic display technologies [5], The device structure of this state of the art LED is similar to the first device although a modified polymer and different metallic contacts are used to improve the efficiency and stability of the diode. Reference [2] provides a review of the history of the development of polymer LEDs. 

The history of glucose enzyme electrodes starts with the first device developed in 1962 by Clark and Lyons from the Children Hospital in Cincinnati [3], Their first device relied on a thin layer of GOx entrapped over an oxygen electrode (via a semipermeable dialysis membrane), and monitoring the oxygen consumed by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction ... 

Artaud, M. C. Ouchen, F. Martin, L. Duchemin, S. 1998. CuInSe2 thin films grown by MOCVD Characterization, first devices. Thin Solid Films 324 115-123. 

Very recently there has been a report about bridged triarylamine helicenes exhibiting CPL [131], These molecules preferentially emit and absorb CP light without the help of an LC matrix. Currently, there seems to be ongoing work to further increase the efficiency of these types of CPL materials and to develop first devices of polarized OLEDs. 

The first device is a circular microhotplate (Sect. 4.1). One important guideline was to implement the microhotplate in CMOS technology with a minimum of post-CMOS micromachining steps. Additionally the hotplate had to be optimized for drop-coating with nano crystalline tin-oxide layers. This microhotplate was cointegrated with circuitry, and the respective monolithic sensor system will be discussed in Sect. 5.1. 

The second microhotplate design is derived from this circular microhotplate, in contrast to the first device, it does not feature a silicon island underneath the heated area, but exhibits a network of temperature sensors in order to assess the temperature distribution and homogeneity (Sect. 4.2). The measured temperature distribution was compared to simulations, and the model described in Chap. 3 was validated. Furthermore, the influence of the tin-oxide droplet on the temperature distribution was studied. A microhotplate without silicon island is much easier to fabricate, though the issue of sufficient temperature homogeneity has to be evaluated. 

The first device was a circular-shape microhotplate, which essentially consisted of CMOS-process materials (Sect. 4.1). The fabrication of this microhotplate required a minimum of post-CMOS processing steps. The electrochemical etching process used for the membrane release and the formation of the circular-shape Si island was optimized and can now be routinely apphed on wafer-level. 

Two solids conveying devices were built at the Clarkson Polymer Extrusion Consortium. The first device was used to visualize the flow in the section without a discharge pressure. The second device was built such that a relatively high discharge pressure could be applied to the process. 

It was the first device of its kind and appeared to have great potential. Physicians had long noted, for example, that distinctive odors are associated with some diseases. Since the people sniffed greatly surpassed the human nose in sensitivity, it might pick up serious progressive illnesses at earlier stages, enabling timely treatment. 

A number of devices have been made based on this microvalve system. One of the first devices built was a cell sorter on a chip. By manipulating nanoliters of fluid, different strains of fluorescently activated E. coli were introduced, sorted according to their fluorescent properties, recovered from the chip, and cultured. 

The British equipped their planes having speeds greater than 400mph with such devices beginning in 1945. The Americans started the study of emergency escape as early as 1940, but it was not until 1947 that the first device was standardized. It was named Ml Personnel Catapult (Vol 2 of Encycl, pp C70 to C72)... 

Fig. 1.3. One of the first devices for HTC (copyright (1993) National Academy of Sciences, USA).

The first devices of this type appeared in the early 1970s (Barbe and Westgate, 1970). The field of OFETs literally exploded in the mid-1980s when the first claims of flexible polymer electronics were made (Kozeuka et al., 1987). The subject was first reviewed by Horowitz (1998) and hundreds of OFET-related papers have been published since. 

I. The PLAATO device (Fig. I) was the first device to be implanted in a human LAA in August 2001. Its nitinol framework features a tissue-anchoring system on the struts to maintain the correct position once deployed. The orifice of the LAA is sealed... 

Chronologically the first device to appear was the spin-valve transistor (SVT) which later developed into the MTT, so we will first turn our attention to describing these seminal devices. 

Because redox reactions can make electrons move from one substance to another it is possible to create a setup so that the electrical energy produced in a redox reaction can be channeled to do work. There is a way to harvest the electrons produced by a redox reaction. Today these devices are called batteries. The first device that could do this was called a voltaic cell. In a voltaic cell a redox reaction occurs spontaneously so that the electrons can be used to do work. A typical voltaic cell is shown in Figure 10.1. 

Two operational arrangements fulfilling the above requirements are represented in Figures 5.16b and 5.16c. For convenience, both are incorporated in a Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter with large cells (i.e. c. 100 cm3). The first device uses a disc stirrer (up and down movement) and cancels any temperature difference between the added solution and the adsorbent by placing both the adsorbent and the solution reservoir in the top part of the microcalorimetric cell (Rouquerol and Partyka, 1981). The second device uses a propeller which is given very fast half-turns (c. 10 per minute) by means of a hindered magnetic transmission which serves to damp the vibrations from the motor. 

One of the first devices employed in the study of microscopic foam films has been proposed by Derjaguin and Titijevskaya (Fig. 2.1). 

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