Histamine mucosal

Allergic Seasonal or Perennial Rhinoconjunctivitis. Histamine can cause all pathologic features of allergic rhinitis (35—37), with the exception of late-phase inflammatory reactions. Pmritus is caused by stimulation of receptors on sensory nerve endings prostaglandins (qv) may also contribute. Sneering, like pmritus, is an H -mediated neural reflex and can also be mediated by eicosanoids. Mucosal edema, which manifests as nasal... 

Intravenous histamine-2-receptor antagonists such as ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine are compatible with PN and can be added to the daily PN for prevention of stress-related mucosal damage and peptic ulcer disease. This provides a continuous acid suppression and reduces nursing time by avoiding intermittent scheduled infusions. 

Mast cell degranulation in response to allergens results in release of mediators such as histamine eosinophil, and neutrophil chemotactic factors leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 prostaglandins and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Histamine is capable of inducing smooth muscle constriction and bronchospasm and may play a role in mucosal edema and mucus secretion. 

SP seems to be the only peptide capable of stimulating histamine release from mucosal mast cells [52] and generally exhibits a pronounced heterogeneity among various tissues and between species [106],... 

Dynorphin, a-neoendorphin and /1-endorphin each produced a dose-dependent (10 6 M to 10 4 M) release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells but not from rat mucosal mast cells which were isolated following collagenase digestion [128]. When administered intradermally to the forearms of human volunteers, dynorphin, /f-endorphin, Leu-enkephalin and morphiceptin each produced a wheal and flare reaction at nM concentrations. Mast cell degranulation was confirmed by electron microscopy of biopsy samples and by its inhibition by hyroxyzine pretreatment [129]. 

Aggregated IgE and A (mucosal surface) lacks C probably Arachidonic acid can lead to synthesis of PC s, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes in the lung and aggregation of platelets and release of histamine from platelets ... 

Ib. Inhibitors of add production. Acting on their respective receptors, the transmitter acetylcholine, the hormone gastrin, and histamine released intra-mucosally stimulate the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa to increase output of HCl. Histamine comes from entero-chromaffin-like (ECL) cells its release is stimulated by the vagus nerve (via Mi receptors) and hormonally by gastria The effects of acetylcholine and histamine can be abolished by orally applied antagonists that reach parietal cells via the blood. 

Histamine H2 antagonists these relieve persistent heartburn and are generally safe and effective in acid reflux without mucosal damage. There is little reason to prefer one clinically over another. Treatment has to be continued indefinitely. They are relatively ineffective in established inflammation. 

A. If the precipitant can be withdrawn then an-tisecretory treatment with a histamine H2 antagonist or proton pump inhibitor, or misoprostol (an antisecretory and mucosally protective prostaglandin) for a month may be enough to induce ulcer healing. 

Misoprostol has both acid inhibitory and mucosal protective properties. It is believed to stimulate mucus and bicarbonate secretion and enhance mucosal blood flow. In addition, it binds to a prostaglandin receptor on parietal cells, reducing histamine-stimulated cAMP production and causing modest acid inhibition. Prostaglandins have a variety of other actions, including stimulation of intestinal electrolyte and fluid secretion, intestinal motility, and uterine contractions. 

Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Uses Rx of superficial wounds (bacterial, viral, fungal, insect bites, minor burns, cold sores, acne Action Broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans Available forms Topical creams, lotions, oint, oil apply topically PRN Notes/SE Ataxia, contact dermatitis, D, drowsiness, GI mucosal irritation Interactions Effects OF drugs that affect histamine release EMS effects of Benadryl Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Uses Anxiolytic, antispasmodic, dys-menorrheal, restlessness, sedative Action Inhibits uptake stimulates release of GABA, which T GABA concentration extracellularly causes sedation Available forms Ext 400-900 mg PO 30 min < hs, tea 2-3 g (1 tsp of crude herb) qid, PRN, tine 3-5 mL (1/2-1 tsp) (1 5 ratio) PO qid, PRN Efficacy Probably effective sedative (reduces sleep latency) Notes/SE GI upset, HA, insomnia, N/V, palpitations, restlessness, vision changes Interactions T Effects OF barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opiates, EtOH, catnip, hops, kavakava, passion flower, skullcap effects OF MAOIs, phenytoin, warfarin EMS T Effects of benzodiazepines and opiates abruptly D/C may cause withdrawal symptoms... 

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing the different mechanisms of action proposed for the antiulcer action of flavonoids. 1. Blockade of add secretion by decreasing histamine production or inhibiting the proton pump. 2. Bactericidal effect on H. pylori. 3. Antioxidative activity by scavenging free radicals and preventing ROM formation. 4. Potentiation of the mucosal protective factors. PAF platelet activating factor ROM reactive oxygen metabolites H2 histamine receptor 2 M muscarinic receptor G gastrin receptor.

Aures, D, Guth, P.H, Paulsen, G., Grossman, M.I., 1982. Effect of increased gastric mucosal histamine on alcohol-induced gastric damage in rats. Dig. Dis. Sci. 27, 347-352. 

Hollande, F., Bali, J.P., Magous, R., 1993. Autoregulation of histamine synthesis through H3 receptors in isolated fimdic mucosal cells. Am. J. Physiol. 265, G1039-G1044... 

Palitzsch, K.D., Horales, R.E., Kronauge, J.F., Szabo, S., 1989. Biphasic effect of histamine on hemorrhagic mucosal lesions is related to vascular permeability studies with histamine, Hi-, H2- and H3-agonists and bradykinin. Gastroenterology 96, (Suppl.) A381. 

Takeuchi, K., Nishiwaki, H., Furukawa, O., Okabe, S., 1987. Cytoprotective action of histamine against 0.6 N HCL-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats comparative study with adaptive cytoprotection induced by exogenous acid. Japan. J. Pharmacol. 44, 335-344. 

Pearce, F. L., Befus, A. D., and Bienenstock, J. Mucosal mast cells. III. Effect of quercetin and other flavonoids on antigen-induced histamine secretion from rat intestinal mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73(6), 819-823, 1984. 

IgE has the lowest percentage of total Ig at only 0.002 %, and the serum concentration approximates only 0.00002 mg/mL. This isotype is derived from adenoid tissue and then transported into the blood. In spite of its small quantities, IgE is very important in, and is responsible for, about 90% of allergic reactions. The impact of this immunoglobulin is to trigger the release of vasodilators for an inflammatory response, for example histamine. IgE may also protect external mucosal surfaces by promoting inflammation and enabling IgG, complement proteins and leucocytes to enter the tissue. 

The increase in desmopressin activity observed in association with an increase in NBF due to coadministered histamine suggests that peptide absorption through the nasal mucosal membrane is in part, blood flow limited. Previous studies (15,fr3) have indicated that the duration of activity of desmopressin is directly related to the intranasal dose administered and resultant peak plasma desmopressin levels. These findings support our hypothesis that histamine enhanced desmopressin activity by increasing its mucosal absorption. 

In mucosal sheets from porcine ileum, the delta opioid agonist DPDPE inhibits saxitoxin-sensitive elevations in neurogenic ion transport evoked by histamine [142], tryptase-like enzymes [143], serotonin [144], kallidin [145], and type I hypersensitivity [142]. These effects of DPDPE are inhibited by naltrindole. In contrast, elevations in neurogenic ion transport occurring secondary to an immediate hypersensivity reaction in the guinea pig ileal mucosa are augmented by DPDPE, indicating that the neuromodulatory actions of opioids on active mucosal transport evoked by inflammation or anaphylaxis may depend on the species examined [146],... 

Specific differences to note are a 10-fold lower level of histamine in the mucosal mast cell and the occurrence of distinct proteases and proteoglycans and (possibly) a different arachidonic acid metabolism for each type (55). These differences are sufficiently great to conclude that extrapolation of data on PMC (on which most research has been carried out) to MMC would be unwise. 

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