Mucosal membrane, nasal

Cocaine hydrochloride is a water-soluble salt that can be injected or absorbed by any mucosal membrane (eg, nasal snorting). When heated in an alkaline solution, it is transformed into the free base, "crack cocaine," which can then be smoked. Inhaled crack cocaine is rapidly absorbed in the lungs and penetrates swiftly into the brain, producing an almost instantaneous "rush."... 

The increase in desmopressin activity observed in association with an increase in NBF due to coadministered histamine suggests that peptide absorption through the nasal mucosal membrane is in part, blood flow limited. Previous studies (15,fr3) have indicated that the duration of activity of desmopressin is directly related to the intranasal dose administered and resultant peak plasma desmopressin levels. These findings support our hypothesis that histamine enhanced desmopressin activity by increasing its mucosal absorption. 

There are clear differences between the oral mucosal membrane and other epithelial membranes of the intestine, nasal cavity and rectum. The oral mucosal membranes are less keratinized than the skin membranes and show a more loosely packed intercellular lipid domain. In terms of function of the absorption enhancement through the oral mucosal membrane, it can be said that it occurs principally through the... 

Lysozyme (LZ) is an enzyme that is abundantly present in the mucosal membranes that line the human nasal cavity and tear ducts. It can also be found in high concentration in egg white. LZ destroys bacterial cell walls by hydrolyzing the polysaccharide component of the cell wall. Human milk contains 0.4 g/liter of LZ, an enzyme that contributes to antibacterial activity in human milk. 

Intemasal delivery of peptide and protein drugs is severely restricted by pre-systemic elimination due to enz5miatic degradation or mucociliary clearance and by the limited extent of mucosal membrane permeability. a-CyD has been shown to remove some fatty acids from nasal mucosa and to enhance the nasal absorption of leuprolide acetate in rats and dogs. The utility of chemically modified CyDs as absorption enhancers for peptide drugs in rats has been demonstrated. For example, DM-P-CyD was shown to be a potent enhancer of insulin absorption in rats, and a minimal effective concentration of DM-(3-CyD for absorption enhancement exerted only a mild effect on the in vitro ciliary movement.The scope of interaction of insulin with CyDs is limited, because CyDs can only partially include the hydrophobic amino acid residues in peptides with small stability constants. Under in vivo conditions, these complexes will readily dissociate into separate components, and hence the displacement by membrane lipids may further destabilize the complexes. The direct interaction of peptides with CyDs is therefore of minor importance in the enhancement of nasal absorption. Of the hydrophilic CyDs tested, DM- 3-CyD had the most prominent inhibitory effect on the enzymatic degradation of both BLA and insulin in rat nasal tissue homogenates. Because of the limited interaction between peptides and CyDs,... 

Several approaches were made to administer peptides and proteins by another route, but they all require a certain abihty of the formulation to overcome the natural barriers of the body - that is, the mucosal membranes (oral, buccal, rectal, vaginal, nasal or inhalational application) or the skin (transdermal systems) (see Part VI, Chapter 5). Very often, some chemical help is needed to establish suitable conditions for non-invasively administered formulations. 

A woman who came into contact with several cephalosporins developed contact dermatitis lesions on the eyelids as well as pruritus and dryness of the nasal and oral mucosal membranes. Patch testing revealed positive reactions to cephalothin, cefamandole, and cefazolin (Conde-Salazar et al. 1986). Cephradine has also been described as a cause of occupational dermatitis in the pharmaceutical industry by Rudzki et al. (1989). Although cross-sensitivity with penicillins is possible (Martindale 1993), this was not reported in these cases. 

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are comprised of administration of drug across the mucosal membrane using a mucoadhesive/bioadhesive polymer through various noninvasive routes such as peroral, ocular, buccal, nasal, stomach, intestinal, colon, vaginal, rectal, cervical or vulval. The drug delivery systems, which have made use of chitosan as a carrier for administration through various routes, have been represented in Table 2.2. 

Because the mucosal membranes in the nasal cavity have well-developed blood vessels, it is the preferred location for drug administration in order to avoid the initial passage effect and expect and the entire body effect, such as desmoprecin acetate for the cure of central diabetes insipidus. 

Cocaine differs from the other local anesthetics with respect to its cardiovascular effects. Cocaine s blockade of norepinephrine reuptake results in vasoconstriction and hypertension, as well as cardiac arrhythmias. The vasoconstriction produced by cocaine can lead to local ischemia and, in chronic abusers who use the nasal route, ulceration of the mucous membrane and damage to the nasal septum have been reported. The vasoconstrictor properties of cocaine can be used clinically to decrease bleeding from mucosal damage or surgical trauma in the nasopharyneal region. 

Dermal Effects. Chromium compounds can produce effects on the skin and mucous membranes. These include irritation, burns, ulcers, an allergic type of dermatitis. Irritation of the nasal mucosa and other mucosal tissues of the respiratory system, and nasal septum ulcers, and perforation were considered under Respiratory Effects discussed above. Dermatitis is considered under Immunological Effects discussed below. 

---