High-performance liquid detection

Figure 5.2 Schematic representation of the final column-switching system (a) foi ward-flush position (b) back-flush position (further details are given in the text). Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 828, A. K. Sakhi et al. Quantitative determination of endogenous retinoids in mouse embiyos by high-performance liquid cliromatography with on-line solid-phase exti action, column switcliing and electi ochemical detection , pp. 451 -460, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Figure 5.3 Analysis of 100 ml of (a) surface water and (b) drinking water sample spiked with 0.1 pig/ml of microcystins, using column-switching HPLC 1, microcystin-RR 2, microcystin-YR 3, microcystin-LR. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography A, 848, H. S. Lee et al, On-line trace enrichment for the simultaneous determination of microcystins in aqueous samples using high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection , pp 179-184, copyright 1999, with permission from Elsevier Science.

A. J. Szuna, T. E. Mulligan, B. A. Mico and R. W. Blain, Determination of Ro 23-7637 in dog plasma by multidimensional ion-exchange-reversed-phase high-performance liquid cliromatography with ulti aviolet detection , 7. Chromatogr. 616 297-303 (1993). 

K. Yamashita, M. Motohashi and T. Yashiki, Column-switching techniques for high-performance liquid cliromatography of ibuprofen and mefenamic acid in human serum with shoit-wavelength ultraviolet detection , J. Chromatogr. 570 329-338 (1991). 

K. Yamashita, M. Motohaslii and T. Yashiki, Sensitive high-performance liquid cliro-matographic determination of propranolol in human plasma with ultraviolet detection using column switcliing combined with ion-pair cliromatography , J. Chromatogr. 527 196-200(1990). 

H. Fujimoto, I. Nishino, K. Ueno and T. Umeda, Determination of the enantiomers of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist in dog plasma achiral / chiral coupled high performance liquid cliromatography with electrochemical detection , 7. Pharm. Sci. 82 319-322(1993). 

Figure 15.3 Separation of tricyclic antidepressants by using multidimensional LC-LC. Peak identification is as follows DOX, doxepin DES, desipramine NOR, noitryptylene IMI, imipramine AMI, amiti yptyline. Adapted from Journal of Chromatography, 507, J. V. Posluszny et al., Optimization of multidimensional high-performance liquid cliromatography for the deterTnination of drugs in plasma by direct injection, micellar cleanup and photodiode array detection , pp. 267 - 276, copyright 1990, with permission from Elsevier Science.

For off-bead analysis, coupling between chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection has proven especially powerful. The combination between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry has the advantage that purity of product mixtures can be coupled on-line with the product identification. 

Figure 3 depicts profiles of Total PAH fluxes vs. time (36). The following polycyclic hydrocarbons have been determined by high performance liquid chromatography, variable wavelength absorption detection Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2-methylnaphtalene, fluorene, acenaphtene, phenanthrene, 2,3-dimethylnaphtalene, anthracene, fluoranthene, 1-methylphenanthrene, pyrene, 2,3-benzofluorene, triphenylene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, perylene, benzo(e)pyrene, 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene. 

In the ED setting, the diagnosis of ketamine intoxication is a clinical one. Ketamine is not routinely detected by urine toxicology tests, although it can be detected with high-performance liquid chromatography (Koesters et al. 2002). As with MDMA, the initial assessment for ketamine intoxication includes the use of routine laboratory tests to detect electrolyte abnormalities and to evaluate renal and hepatic functioning (Koesters et al. 2002). 

Clark GJ, Goodin RR, Smiley JW. 1985. Comparison of ultraviolet and reductive amperometric detection for determination of ethyl and methyl parathion in green vegetables and surface water using high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 57 2223-2228. 

The use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the study of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) has facilitated a greater understanding of the biochemistry and chemistry of the toxins involved. HPLC enables the determination of the type and quantity of the PSP toxins present in biological samples. An overview of the HPLC method is presented that outlines the conditions for both separation and detection of the PSP toxins. Examples of the use of the HPLC method in toxin research are reviewed, including its use in the determination of the enzymatic conversion of the toxins and studies on the movement of the toxins up the marine food chain. 

DE PASCUAL-TERESA S, TREUTTER D, RIVAS-GONZALO J 0 and SATOS-BUELGA C (1998) Analysis of flavonols in beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemical reaction detection , J Agric Food Chem, 46, 4209-13. 

KAYALI-SAYADI M N, RUBIO-BARROSO S, CUESTA-JIMENEZ M P and PALO-DIEZ L M (1998) Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusion samples by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorimetric detection based on solid-phase extraction , 123, 2145-8. 

GUO c, CAO G, SOFIC E and PRIOR R L (1997) High-performance liquid Chromatography coupled with coulometric array detection of electroactive components in fruits and vegetables Relationship to oxygen radical absorbance capacity, J Agric Food Chem, 45, 1787-96. 

JUSTESEN u, KNUTHSEN p and LETH T (1998) Quantitative analysis of flavonols, flavones, and flavanones in fruits, vegetables and beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography with photo-diode array and mass specfrometric detection, /C/u matogr A, 799, 101-10. 

Paganga, G. et al.. The polyphenolic content of fruit and vegetables and their antioxidant activities what does a serving constitute Free Radical Res., 30, 153, 1999. Maatta, K.R. et al.. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolic compounds in berries with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection Rihes species, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 6736, 2003. 

Kammerer, D., Carle, R., and Schieber, A., Detection of peonidin and pelargonidin glycosides in black carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 17, 2407, 2003. 

Gandla-Herrero, R, Garcla-Carmona, R, and Escribano, J., A novel method using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for the determination of betaxanthins, J. Chromatogr. A, 1078, 83, 2005. 

Saito, K., A new enzymatic method for extraction of precarthamin from dyer s saffron (Carthamus tinctorius) florets, Z. Lebensmitt. Untersuch. Forsch., 197, 34, 1993. Cserhati, T. et ah. Separation and quantitation of colour pigments of chili powder (Capsicum frutescens) by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 896, 69, 2000. 

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