High-performance liquid chromatography HPLC , with mass spectrometr

Since NIV occurs as a co-contaminant with other trichothecene mycotoxins, it is often analyzed simultaneously with the co-contaminants rather than alone. Analytical methods developed so far include thin layer chromatography (TLC) capillary gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture detection (BCD), flame ionization detection (FID), or mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence, or mass spectrometric detection supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS). 

EDCs and PPCPs in the environment are often analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) based instrimiental techniques. GC coupled with a mass spectrometric (GC-MS) detector has been the preferred method due to its excellent sensitivity and separation capability on a capillary column. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with various detectors such as ultraviolet (UV) detection. 

For off-bead analysis, coupling between chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection has proven especially powerful. The combination between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry has the advantage that purity of product mixtures can be coupled on-line with the product identification. 

Paganga, G. et al.. The polyphenolic content of fruit and vegetables and their antioxidant activities what does a serving constitute Free Radical Res., 30, 153, 1999. Maatta, K.R. et al.. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolic compounds in berries with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection Rihes species, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 6736, 2003. 

Parallel to the development of mass spectrometric instrumentation and methodologies, the improvements of separation techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), and of their coupling with MS allowed the study of complex mixtures, that are generally encountered in most studies. 

Whilst these methods are informative for the characterisation of synthetic mixtures, the information gained and the nature of these techniques precludes their use in routine quantitative analysis of environmental samples, which requires methods amenable to the direct introduction of aqueous samples and in particular selective and sensitive detection. Conventionally, online separation techniques coupled to mass spectrometric detection are used for this, namely gas (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). As a technique for agrochemical and environmental analyses, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure ionisation-mass spectrometry (API-MS) is extremely attractive, with the ability to analyse relatively polar compounds and provide detection to very low levels. 

The separation of the complex mixtures of selenido-carbonyl iron clusters, derived from the synthetic routes described above, can also be accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This technique (eventually coupled with mass-spectrometric detection ) is particularly convenient for the separation of organometallic species, owing to its superior speed and efficiency when compared with traditional column and thin layer chromatography. The order of elution of the iron clusters on silica is strongly dependent on the degree of phosphine substitution and on the cluster framework, which, in the first place, determines the polarity of the molecule. ... 

As an approximation to a universal response detector, an ultraviolet (UV) detection with a high concentration of in vivo sample or in vitro incubation can be used to calibrate the mass spectrometric response of the metabolites. Josephs et al. (2009) recently reported the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detection to get area responses of a 30-tiM in vitro microsome or hepatocyte incubation. The incubated sample was then diluted in matrix to create a single point calibration for mass spectrometric quantitation of the metabolites. The results from this method were successfully verified using buspirone and proprietary compounds for which the synthetic standards for their metabolites were available. 

Although several different mass spectrometric methods have been deployed to determine enriched stable isotopes in human studies of nutrient mineral metabolism, thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and particularly ICP-MS are now used almost exclusively. ICP-MS is rapid, very sensitive, and sample preparation and introduction is often simplified. Furthermore, ICP-MS can be coupled directly to separation techniques such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), or CE so that speciation, the determination of the chemical form of particular elements, may also be studied. The two major drawbacks of ICP-MS, low precision relative to TIMS and interference from polyatomic ions in the argon plasma, have largely been overcome by new generations of instruments equipped with multiple collectors and collision/reaction cells, respectively. 

Schroder [20b] used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ mass spectrometric (MS)/MS with a thermospray interface [20c] to detect, identify, and quantify metabolites of Fluowet OTN, a nonionic fluorinated surfactant with the structure R F2,i+iCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)wOH. The biodegradation was limited to the poly(oxyethylene) hydrophile [20b]. The absence of fluoride ions indicated that the perfluorocarbon chain was not degraded. 

---