Hydrocarbon fuels, high energy density

Marchand, A. P. 1989. High-energy-density solid and liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Technical Report AFWAL-TR-88-2128 (Feb.). Distribution unlimited. 

Combustion of powdered aluminum with steam is a potentially attractive propulsion system for torpedoes, because of the very high-energy density (energy per unit volume) that can be achieved. Since the oxidizer can be taken from the environment, on-board storage is required only for the aluminum propellant. A study of potential torpedo propellant/oxidizer combinations including Al, Zr, Mg, and Li metals, hydrocarbon fuels, and typical solid rocket propellants, and... 

Chung, H. S. et al. 1999. Recent developments in high-energy density liqnid hydrocarbon fuels. Energy Euels 13(2) 644-649. 

The high energy density of liquid hydrocarbons is conducive to fast filling of fuel tanks in seconds. 

A reliable supply of liquid hydrocarbons is of vital importance to the industrialized world. The superiority of liquid over gaseous energy carriers, in particular for automotive purposes, resides in the high energy density of liquids and the relatively low weight (per unit of caloric value) of the required container. When compared to solid fuels such as coal, liquids have the... 

A variety of catalytic routes have been described in recent years for the chemical transformation of carbohydrates into hydrocarbon liquid fuels and oxygenated biofuels which wiU be discussed in this chapter. Special focus will be brought to the recent progress of integrated processes based on the use of multifunctional catalytic systems without isolation of the platform intermediates. Fig. 13.1 summarizes the main chemical routes for the conversion of cellulosic platform molecules into high-energy-density biofuels. 

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