High-density lipoprotein dietary fats

Human lipoproteins exist in several sizes and densities with differing lipid to protein ratios. These various lipoproteins have different origins in the body, different destinations and different functions (10). Thus, chylomicrons are extremely large low density particles formed in the intestine and designed to deliver dietary fat to adipose tissue. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), on the other hand, are smaller, more dense particles designed to deliver lipids from the liver to adipose and other tissues. Low density lipoproteins (LDL), formed from VLDL or produced in the liver or intestine deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissue, while high density lipoproteins (HDL) function to return cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for catabolism. There is a complex exchange of lipids and apoproteins between the lipoprotein classes. 

Baycol was indicated as an adjunct to diet to reduce elevated total-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apo B, and triglycerides (TG) and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson types Ila and Ilb) when the response to dietary restriction of saturated fat and cholesterol and other nonpharmacological measures alone had been inadequate. Therapy with lipid altering drugs should bea component of multiple risk factor intervention in those patients at significantly high risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease due to hypercholesterolemia. 

Scientific reports have confirmed the relationship between trans fat and an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Trans fat, like saturated fat and dietary cholesterol, can raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL or bad cholesterol) levels in the blood. An elevated LDL cholesterol level increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Unlike saturated fat, trans fat also lowers high-density lipoprotein (HDL or good ) cholesterol in the blood. 

The classes of lipoproteins include chylomicrons, which transport dietary fat, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein, (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which transport endogenous fats. 

Matthan, N.R. EK. Welty P.H.R. Barrett C. Harausz G.G. Dolnikowski J.S. Parks R.H, Eckel E.J. Schaefer A.H. Lichtenstein. Dietary hydrogenated fat increases high-density lipoprotein apoa-i catabolism and decreases low-density lipoprotein apob-100 catabolism in hypetcholester-olemic women. Artenorcfer. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 2004, 24, 1092—1097. 

Ordovas JM, Corella D, Demissie S, et al.. Dietary fat intake determines the effect of a common polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene promoter on high-density lipoprotein metabolism evidence of a strong dose effect in this gene-nutrient interaction in the Framingham Study, Circulation, Oct 29 2002 106(18) 2315-2321. 

Sorci-Thomas, M., Prack, M.M., Dashti, N., Johnson, F., Rudel, LI.., and Williams, D.L. (1989) Differential Effects of Dietary Fat on the Tissue-Specific Expression of the Apolipoprotein A-I Gene Relationship to Plasma Concentration of High-Density Lipoproteins, 7. Lipid Res. 30, 1397-1403. 

Lipoproteins and their associated apoproteins are strong predictors of the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and apoprotein B are positively correlated with CHD risk high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apoprotein A1 concentrations are negatively correlated. Controlled dietary trials have now demonstrated that the total saturated fat content and the type of saturated fatty acid in the diet affect serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. 

Mcnsink. R.P. and M.B. Katan "Etfect of Dietary Trans Fatly Acids on High-Density and Low. Density Lipoprotein Cholcslerol Levels in Healthy Subjects.". V Toy. J. Med.. 439 (August 16. I990i... 

One obvious area for development is in the modification of dairy products to satisfy the changing dietary habits of consumers. The mounting health concerns are related to intake of calories, cholesterol, and saturated fats. Concern about cholesterol in the diet originates from the fact that high-serum cholesterol, especially the low-density lipoproteins, is one of the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis. Dietary intake of cholesterol may be one of the factors contributing to the elevation of serum cholesterol other dietary factors are high total fat, high saturated fat, and low dietary fiber intake. 

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